The superficial temporal artery and the occipital artery on both side of 50 Chinese adult cadavers were dissected and the course and distribution of these two arteries were studied and their length, external diameter, internal diameter and the thickness of the walls were meassured.1. The main stem of the superficial temporal arteries runs upward and forward in front of the orifice of the external auditory meatus at an angle on the average of 12.44?8.16? away from the vertical line. This artery was found in 68.68?4.66％ situated before the superficial temporal vein and auriculo-temporal nerve. The average length of the main stem is 3.88?1.04cm; the external diameter 1.64?0.42mm; the internal diameter 1.19?0.10 mm and the thickness of its wall 0.23?0.08 mm. 2. The parietal branch of the superficial temporal artery runs upwards and backwards to the vertex of the skull at an angle of 25.92?10.09 away from the vertical line. The average length is 7.56?1.63 cm. It may be classified into three typs: (1) the single-stem type (2) the bifurcate type (3) the double-stem type. The average external diameter of the branch is 1.24?0.28mm, the internal diameter 0.91?0.19mm, the thickness of its wall 0.17?0.06 mm. There arr 7.45?2.71％ of the cases that the internal diameter is less or equal to 0.5 mm.3. The frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery runs forwards and upwards to the frontal tuber or above the lateral-upper angle of the orbital, then turns upwards to the vertex of the skull. Its average external diameter is 1.31?0.35mm; the internal diameter, 0.91?0.29 mm, and the thickness of its wall, 0.18?0.08mm.4. The Occipital artery runs out to the skin through the fascia between the trapizius and sterocleidomastoid, but sometimes it porferates the muscular fibers of one of these two muscles. The point from which it runs out is located at 2.23?1.12 cm below the external occipital protuberans and 3.41?0.85cm lateral to the midline. Three types of the branching patterns were found: the main-stem, the bifurcate and the plexiform type. The average external dianeter of the occipital artery is 1.47?0.14 mm, the internal diameter,1.13?0.29 mm, and the thickness of its wall, 0.18?0.08mm.

Objective To explore the clinical value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) examination before esophageal achalasia (EA) patients treated by peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM).Methods From August 2011 to November 2011,esophageal EUS examination was conducted in 34 EA patients scheduled for POEM treatment (EA group) and 30 cases accepted gastric EUS examination (control group) at endoscopic center,Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University.The thickness of muscularis propria layer and the circular muscle layer was measured at cardia,5 cm,10 cm and 15 cm above cardia,and the proportion of circular muscle layer was calculated.The differences in groups and between groups were compared.The correlation between muscle thickness and complication after POEM treatment was analyzed.The data were analyzed by t test.Results There was no difference between EA group and control group in the thickness of the muscularis propria layer at same part (at cardia,5 cm,10 cm and 15 cm above cardia,t=1.210,1.116,0 and 0.292respectively; all P＞0.05 respectively).The thickness of the circular muscle layer of EA group at cardia,5 cm,10 cm and 15 cm above cardia was (1.72±0.49) mm,(1.86±0.81) mm,(1.56±0.47) mm and (1.41±0.48) mm respectively,those of control group was (1.06±0.50) mm,(1.40±0.33) mm,(1.05±0.37) mm and (0.78±0.12) mm respectively.At same part,the thickness of the circular muscle layer of EA group was significantly thicker than that of the control group (t =5.326,2.903,4.778 and 6.993 respectively,all P＜0.05).After POEM treatment,complication was high in EA cases with the thickness of muscularis propria layer less than 2 mm.Conclusion Before POEM treatment,EUS examination for EA patients has certain guiding significance.

Ensilage is a traditional way of preserving fresh biomass. However, in order to apply ensilage to the ethanol biorefinery, two parameters need to be evaluated: quantity and quality changes of the biomass; and its effects on bioconversion process. To study these two aspects, switchgrass harvested on three different time points (Early, mid and late fall) were used as feedstock. The early fall harvested biomass was ensiled at 5 moisture levels ranging from 30% to 70%. Silage of 40% moisture and 3 other raw switchgrass were pretreated with liquid hot water, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis as well as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. After 21 days storage pH values of all silages decreased below 4.0 and the dry matter losses were less than 2.0%, and structural sugars contents did not change dramatically. Liquid hot water caused more hemicellulose dissolution in the silage than in unensiled switchgrass. However, ensilage also increased the risk of releasing more sugar degradation products; After enzymatic hydrolysis, silage obtained higher total glucose, xylose and galactose yields than raw materials; After simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, ethanol concentration in silage was 12.1 g/L, higher than the unensiled switchgrass (10.3 g/L, 9.7 g/L and 10.6 g/L for early, mid and late fall respectively). Our results suggest that ensilage helps increase pretreatment efficiency and sugar yield, which increases final ethanol production.
Biomass ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Fermentation ; Galactose ; chemistry ; Glucose ; chemistry ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrolysis ; Panicum ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; chemistry ; Silage ; Water ; Xylose ; chemistry