One of the most stirring controversies in the history of Anatomy is that Herophilus, an ancient Greek anatomist and his younger contemporary, Erasistratus, were accused of performing vivisections of living humans. However, this does not detract from the fact that Herophilus has made phenomenal anatomical observations of the human body which have contributed significantly towards the understanding of the brain, eye, liver, reproductive organs and nervous system. It is notable that he was the first person to perform systematic dissection of the human body and is widely acknowledged as the Father of Anatomy. He has been hailed as one of the greatest anatomists that ever lived, rivaled only by Andreas Vesalius who is regarded as the founder of modern human anatomy.
Anatomists ; Brain ; Eye ; Fathers ; Human Body ; Humans ; Liver ; Nervous System ; Vivisection

Ureteric stones are a common cause of obstruction of the urinary tract, usually presenting with characteristic signs and symptoms, such as acute ureteric colic and hematuria. Occasionally, stones may present with non-specific symptoms such as low back pain and remain unidentified, leading to stone growth, chronic ureteric obstruction and complications such as hydronephrosis and renal damage. Here, we report a large ureteric stone in a cadaver with complete obstruction at the left ureterovesical junction, resulting in severe dilatation of the left ureter and renal pelvis.
Cadaver* ; Colic ; Dilatation ; Hematuria ; Hydronephrosis* ; Kidney Pelvis ; Kidney* ; Low Back Pain ; Ureter* ; Urinary Tract

INTRODUCTION: Microinvasion (Mi) is often thought to be an interim stage between ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma. This study aimed to investigate the potential influence of Mi on survival and assess its correlations with clinicopathological parameters, prognosis and molecular markers. METHODS: The number of Mi foci in a cohort of 66 DCIS-Mi cases was assessed from haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Disease-free survival, clinicopathological parameters and biomarker expression were correlated with the number of Mi foci. RESULTS: Higher numbers of Mi foci were found in larger tumours (P = 0.031). CONCLUSION Greater extent of DCIS is associated with multifocal Mi.
Humans ; Female ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Prognosis ; Disease-Free Survival ; Progression-Free Survival ; Breast Neoplasms ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology* ; Neoplasm Invasiveness