Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the field of regenerative medicine by providing researchers with a unique tool to derive disease-specific stem cells for study. iPSCs can self-renew and can differentiate into many cell types, offering a potentially unlimited source of cells for targeted differentiation into somatic effector cells. Hence, iPSCs are likely to be invaluable for therapeutic applications and disease-related research. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of iPSC generation that has been made with an emphasis on both basic and clinical applications including disease modeling, drug toxicity screening/drug discovery and cell replacement therapy.
Drug Design ; Genomics ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Proteomics ; Regenerative Medicine ; Stem Cells

Stem cell research has been widely studied over the last few years and has attracted increasing attention from researchers in all fields of medicine due to its potential to treat many previously incurable diseases by replacing damaged cells or tissues. As illustrated by hematopoietic stem research, understanding stem cell differentiation at molecular levels is essential for both basic research and for clinical applications of stem cells. Although multiple integrative analyses, such as genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics and proteomics, are required to understand stem cell biology, proteomics has a unique position in stem cell research. For example, several major breakthroughs in HSC research were due to the identification of proteins such as colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and cell-surface CD molecules. In 2007, the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) and the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) launched the joint Proteome Biology of Stem Cells Initiative. A systematic proteomics approach to understanding stem cell differentiation will shed new light on stem cell biology and accelerate clinical applications of stem cells.
Biology ; Colony-Stimulating Factors ; Epigenomics ; Genomics ; Humans ; Joints ; Light ; Proteins ; Proteome ; Proteomics ; Stem Cell Research ; Stem Cells

A holy grail of curing neurodegenerative diseases is to identify the main causes and mechanisms underlying neuronal death. Many studies have sought to identify these targets in a wide variety of ways, but a more important task is to identify critical molecular targets and their origins. Potential molecular targets include advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that can promote neuronal cell death, thereby contributing to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease or Parkinson disease. In this study, we showed that AGE-albumin (glycated albumin) is synthesized in microglial cells and secreted in the human brain. Our results provide new insight into which microglial cells can promote the receptor for AGE-mediated neuronal cell death, eventually leading to neurodegenerative diseases.
Alzheimer Disease ; Brain ; Cell Death ; Glycosylation End Products, Advanced ; Humans ; Microglia ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurons ; Parkinson Disease

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a fatal and progressive degenerative disease of the nervous system. Until recently, its promising treatment and underlying mechanisms for neuronal death are poorly understood. This study was investigated to identify the molecular mechanism of neuronal death in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum of PD. METHODS: The soluble RAGE (sRAGE) secreting Umbilical Cord Blood—derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell (UCB-MSC) was generated by gene editing method using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9). These cells were transplanted into Corpus Striatum of rotenone-induced PD animal models then behavioral test, morphological analysis, and immunohistochemical experiments were performed to determine the neuronal cell death and recovery of movement. RESULTS: The neuronal cell death in Corpus Striatum and Substantia Nigra was dramatically reduced and the movement was improved after sRAGE secreting UCB-MSC treatment in PD mice by inhibition of RAGE in neuronal cells. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that sRAGE secreting UCB-MSC based therapeutic approach could be a potential treatment strategy for neurodegenerative disease including PD.
Animals ; Behavior Rating Scale ; Cell Death ; Corpus Striatum ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Methods ; Mice ; Microglia ; Models, Animal ; Nervous System ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurons ; Parkinson Disease ; Rage ; Substantia Nigra ; Umbilical Cord

Successful recovery from brain ischemia is limited due to poor vascularization surrounding the ischemic zone. Cell therapy with strong angiogenic factors could be an effective strategy to rescue the ischemic brain. We investigated whether cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP)-Ang1, a soluble, stable and potent Ang1 variant, enhances the angiogenesis of human cord blood derived endothelial progenitor cells (hCB-EPCs) for rescuing brain from ischemic injury. COMP-Ang1 markedly improved the tube formation of capillaries by EPCs and incorporation of EPCs into tube formation with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) upon incubation on matrigel in vitro. COMP-Ang1 stimulated the migration of EPCs more than HUVECs in a scratch wound migration assay. The transplanted EPCs and COMP-Ang1 were incorporated into the blood vessels and decreased the infarct volume in the rat ischemic brain. Molecular studies revealed that COMP-Ang1 induced an interaction between Tie2 and FAK, but AKT was separated from the Tie2-FAK-AKT complex in the EPC plasma membrane. Tie2-FAK increased pp38, pSAPK/JNK, and pERK-mediated MAPK activation and interacted with integrins alphanubeta3, alpha4, beta1, finally leading to migration of EPCs. AKT recruited mTOR, SDF-1, and HIF-1alpha to induce angiogenesis. Taken together, it is concluded that COMP-Ang1 potentiates the angiogenesis of EPCs and enhances the vascular morphogenesis indicating that combination of EPCs with COMP-Ang1 may be a potentially effective regimen for ischemic brain injury salvage therapy.
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; Animals ; Blood Vessels ; Brain ; Brain Injuries* ; Brain Ischemia ; Capillaries ; Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein ; Cell Membrane ; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy ; Fetal Blood ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; Integrins ; Ischemia ; Morphogenesis ; Rats ; Salvage Therapy ; Stem Cells ; Wounds and Injuries