No abstract available.
Child ; Humans ; Mandibular Condyle

BACKGROUND: Combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSE) is used for obtaining adventages of both spinal and epidural anesthesia. But it might be suspected that epidural volume load affect spinal sensory blockade level during CSE. METHODS: Eighty patients undergoing lower abdominal and lower extremity operation were involved in our study. Subarachnoid block with 12mg of tetracaine was established in all patients. Four groups were studied. Group 1 (n=20), the control, received only spinal anesthesia. Group 2 (n=20), group 3 (n=20) and group 4 (n=20) received 10, 15 and 20 ml of epidural saline immediately after spinal anesthetic administration. Sensory blockade level was checked by pinprick test at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 60 and 90 minutes. Blood pressure, heart rate and incidence of complications such as hypotension, bradycardia, nausea and high block were measured. RESULTS: The sensory blockade level of groups 3 and 4 was higher than group 1 (p<0.05). Blood pressure and heart rate were not different compared with each other. The incidence of complications, except that higher block above T4 in group 4 was more than in group 1 (p<0.05), were not different when compared with each other. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural saline above 15 ml may affect sensory blockade level of spinal anesthesia during CSE.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Blood Pressure ; Bradycardia ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Incidence ; Lower Extremity ; Nausea ; Tetracaine

BACKGROUND: We postulated that loss of epidural negative pressure might affect on the sensory blockade level of spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Thirty nine patients were involved in our study; group 1, spinal anesthsia with 23G spinal needle (n=20): group 2, spinal anesthesia with 27G spinal needle through the 18G Weiss epidural needle (n=19). Sensory blockade level was checked by pinprick test at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 60 and 90 minutes after spinal anesthesia. RESULTS: There was no difference of sensory blockade level between group 1 and 2. CONCLUSION: From above result, there was no evidence of loss of epidural negative pressure affecting on the spinal sensory blockade level.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Humans ; Needles

No abstract available.
Head* ; Ossification, Heterotopic*

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to elucidate the current incidence of varicoceles in unselected Korean children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 4271 Korean school boys aged 7-18, resided in Namhaegun, Gyungnam province were investigated. The study population comprised more than 95% (4271/4403) of all boys in the respective age in a rural country with a total population of 61,820 (29,840 males and 31,980 females). All examinations were carried out by a single urologist from March to June 2000. The patients with varicocele were divided according to the classification of Dubin-Amelar. RESULTS: No case of varicocele was encountered in 1,233 boys between 7 to 10 years, while the incidence in the 3,038 boys aged 11 to 18 years was 9.61% (292 boys). There was a peak varicocele incidence from aged 14 to 16 (11.78-13.52%). The proportion of varicocele grades were grade I 21.58% (63/292), grade II 44.68% (131/292), grade III 33.56% (98/292). There were 2 cases of bilateral varicoceles. Other abnormalities found were 7 cryptorchidism (0.16%) and 27 hydroceles (0.63%). In 33 older boys (aged between 16-18) with varicocele, semen analyses were performed and two boys had subnormal sperm concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding of peaking at ages 14 to 16 was parallel with the old Danish report,11 but our incidence was substantially lower than the report of 16.2%.
Adolescent* ; Child* ; Classification ; Cryptorchidism ; Epidemiology ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Prevalence* ; Semen Analysis ; Spermatozoa ; Varicocele*

No abstract available.
Evoked Potentials* ; Spinal Cord* ; Spine*

No abstract available.
Head* ; Neck*

No abstract available.
Gait*

No abstract available.
Free Tissue Flaps*

BACKGROUND: Many factors affecting the spread of spinal anesthesia have been investigated. But L3-4 or L4-5 interspace was choosen which was known as the site of buffering, in their study. We investigated the effect of some of these factors on sensory blockade level by using L2-3 interspace. METHODS: Eightyfive patients, ASA physical status I - Il, were involved in our study. Sensory blockade level was checked with pinprick test at 10 minutes and 30 minutes. The effect of age, sex, height, weight, CSF pressure and pressure difference generated when full flexed and non-full flexed lateral position on sensory blockade level was studied whereas other factors such as puncture technique, dosage and concentration of drug and patients position after injection, were kept constant under the same condition. And also studied the effect of degree of flexion at injection on the sensory blockade level. RESULTS: Height and CSF pressure were correlated with sensory blockade level at 10 minutes after injection(R2=0.14, P<0.01). Only height was correlated with sensory blockade level at 30 minutes after injection(R2=0.09, P<0.0l). CONCLUSIONS: Only height was correlated with sensory blokade level at 30 minutes. So, height might be considered as the most impressive minor factor affecting the extent of sensory blockade level.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Humans ; Punctures