Thoracic outlet syndrome is a collective term embracing previously described syndromes such as scalenus anticus, cervical rib, costoclavicular, hyperabduction and shoulder girdle compression syndromes. Its symptoms and signs are due to bony and soft tissue compression of the neurovascular bundle at the thoracic outlet. It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate the results of experience in treating the patient with thoracie outlet syndrome by surgical means. In this study, 3 cases: cervical rib (1 case), excessive callus formation after clavicular fracture (1 case), and hyperabduction syndrome with combined scalenus anticus syndrome (1 case), which had developed thoracic outlet syndrome were treated at Severance Hospital and gratifying results were obtained.
Bony Callus ; Cervical Rib ; Humans ; Shoulder ; Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

This study was performed in order to recognize the identifications of the glycoproteins containing oligosaccharides in human gingiva. After made paraffin sections of human gingiva at 4µm, the sections were incubated with 7 lectins (UEA-I, BS-I, SBA, DBA, WGA, PNA, PNA after neuraminidase treated, Con-A). In order to increase specificity of reactions, the sections were applicated with ABC system. And then the sections were incubated with DAB and were counterstained with hematoxylin. Using the same sections, the sections were done H-E and PAS stains. In WGA, DBA and Con-A, plasma membranes of the layers of all epithelium and connective tissue were stained. In BS-I ; In the epithelium of marginal gingiva, plasma membranes of upper layer of the spinous cell layer and granular cell layer were stained. And in epithelium of sulcular gingiva, plasma membranes of the all spinous cell layer and granular cell layer were stained. In SBA ; Plasma membranes of the granular cell layer were stained. In PNA ; In the epithelium of marginal gingiva, plasma membranes of the basal cell layer and lower layer of spinous cell layer were stained. But lectin reactions were not occurred in thc sulcular gingiva. In PNA treated neuraminidase, plasma membranes of the all epithelial layer except basal cell layer membranes especially cytoplasms of upper layer at the sulcular gingiva and connective tissue were reacted. 1. By the above results, authors could know the identification of oligosaccharides existing g1ycoproteins in the human gingiva. 1) All epithelial layer ; α-D-N-Acetyl-Galactosamine, Sialic acid, D-Glucosamine, α-D-Mannose 2) Basal cell layer ; Galactose-β-(1-3)-N-Acetyl-Galactosamine 3) Spinous cell layer ; α-D-Galactose, Galactose-β-(1-3)-N-Acetyl-Galactosamine 4) Granular cell layer ; α-D-Galactose 5) Connective tissue ; α-D-N-Acetyl-Galactosamine, Siallic acid, β-(1-4)-D-Acetyl-Glucosamine, α-D-Glucosamine, α-D-Mannose 2. The Galactose-β-(1-3)-N-Acetyl-Galactosamine was not existed in the basal cell layer and spinous cell layer in the sulcular gingiva.
Cell Membrane ; Classification* ; Coloring Agents ; Connective Tissue ; Cytoplasm ; Dronabinol ; Epithelium ; Gingiva* ; Glycoconjugates ; Glycoproteins ; Hematoxylin ; Humans* ; Lectins ; Membranes ; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid ; Neuraminidase ; Oligosaccharides ; Paraffin ; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction* ; Sensitivity and Specificity

This study was undertaken to investigate the characterization and distribution patterns of MHC class II positive dendritic cells[DCs] and ED2 positive tissue macrophages throughout the estrous cycle and during pregnancy in the rat ovary. The immunohistochemical characterization of the cells was carried out using the monoclonal antibodies OX6 and ED2 in cryostat-cut sections. DCs were distributed in the theca cell layer of the growing and mature follicles,stroma and corpus luteum. Tissue macrophages were distributed in the theca externa of the growing and mature follicles, stroma and corpus luteum but they were smaller in number than DCs. None of DC and tissue macrophage was found in the ovum, granulosa layer and follicular cavity of the ovarian follicle. However, DCs and tissue macrophages were present in the granulosa layer and follicular cavity in the atretic follicles. Degenerating corpus luteum contained a vast number of OX6 positive cells. On the contrary, fewer tissue macrophages were founcl in the degenerating corpus luteum. More macrophages tended to be observed in the former follicular cavity and theca lutein cell layer than in the granulosa lutein cell layer of the corpus luteum. In stroma,DCs and tissue macrophages were more frequently found around the blood vessels than in the other region, however, DCs were relatively greater in number than tissue macrophages. There was no estrous cycle and pregnancy dependent variation in the numbers and distribution patterns of DCs and tissue macrophages. In conclusion, the rat ovary contains rich networks of MHC class II positive dendritic cells and ED2 positive tissue macrophages. These findings suggest the existence of a well-developed system of immunological surveillance in the rat ovary. The results of this study have potentially important implications for the understanding not only of the ovarian immune system and the pathogenesis of various ovarian diseases but also of various physiologic functions of the ovary.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Blood Vessels ; Corpus Luteum ; Dendritic Cells* ; Estrous Cycle ; Female ; Immune System ; Immunologic Surveillance ; Luteal Cells ; Macrophages* ; Ovarian Diseases ; Ovarian Follicle ; Ovary* ; Ovum ; Pregnancy ; Rats* ; Theca Cells

No abstract available.

BACKGROUND: To compare flexible ring with rigid ring for annular remodeling and hemodynamic changes of left ventricle (LV) in mitral valve repair (MVR) at short term interval. METHODS: From January 1998 to March 2001, 35 patients with mitral valve prolapse underwent mitral valve repair with ring annuloplasty. The mean age of these patients was 49 years. Eighteen patients underwent mitral annuloplasty with Carpentier-Edwards Classic-ring (Group A). Seventeen patients underwent mitral annuloplasty with Physio-ring (Group B). LV fun-ction and annulus size were assessed by echocardiography on the day before operation and 2 to 3 months later. Mitral annular motion had been examined by means of the extent of mitral annular systolic excursion (MASE) as measured in two longitudinal LV segments (septal and lateral). RESULTS: 1) In valve pathology, anterior leaflet lesion was 14 cases, posterior was 14, combined lesion was 7 cases. 2) At all, left ventricular end-systolic dimension, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and LV mass decreased postoperatively. But, no differences existed between the groups. 3) Postoperatively (after 2-3 months), echocardiograms in 35 patients demonstrated no mitral regurgitation (MR) in 16 cases, trace to mild MR in 17 cases, moderate MR in 2 patients. In Classic-ring group, MR was demostrated in 11 cases (61%). In Physio-group, MR was demonstrated in 8 cases (47%). 4) Postoperatively, mitral valve area increased significantly only in patients with Physio-ring (1.93+/-0.33 vs 2.38+/-0.92, p<0.05). 5) No differences existed between the groups in MASE. CONCLUSION: There are the significant reduc-tion in cardiac chambers and annulus size and improvement of LV function after both types of ring annuloplasty at short term result. There are no significant differences between Classic-ring and Physio-ring except 2 cases postrepair SAM (systolic anterior motion) of mitral valve in Classic-ring.
Echocardiography ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Heart Ventricles* ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Mitral Valve Annuloplasty ; Mitral Valve Insufficiency ; Mitral Valve Prolapse* ; Mitral Valve* ; Pathology

The existence of NMDA receptor and a new organizer protein, Shank, in the postsynaptic density was studied with the cultured hippocampal neurons using by double immunofluorescence method. The hippocampi from embryonic 18 days were dissected and hippocampal neurons were obtained from dissociated hippocampi with 0.25% trypsin and 0.1% DNase in PBS. The hippocampal neurons were plated with density 3,600/cm2 on the poly-L-lysine coated coverglass and cultured 37degrees C, 5% CO2 incubator for 5 weeks. The N2 supplemented MEM was used as a culture medium. Following results are obtained from experiments: 1. The 3~5 minor processes from the cell body of hippocampal neurons were observed at 20 hr in vitro. One of the minor processes was elongated and looked like an axon, and another minor processes showed dendritic branching pattern with slender in thickness. 2. The excitatory NMDA receptor colocalized with PSD-95 which is the postsynaptic density protein. The presynaptic protein, synapsin 1, was closely apposed with PSD-95. 3. Shank which is an organizer protein colocalize with NMDA receptor/PSD-95 complex in the postsynaptic density. Shank proteins may be concerned with the cluster formation of NMDA receptor/PSD-95 in the postsynaptic membrane.
Axons ; Deoxyribonucleases ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Immunohistochemistry ; Incubators ; Membranes ; N-Methylaspartate* ; Neurons* ; Post-Synaptic Density ; Trypsin

Thymic epithelial cells constitute a major component of the thymic microenvironment. The thymus is involved in the regulation of the proliferation, maturation and differentiation of thymocytes. There is some controversy about the classification of thymic epithelial cell types. Traditionally, thymic epithelial cells have been divided into cortical and medullary epithelial cell types. In general, the thymic epithelium can be broadly subdivided into subcapsular, cortical and medullary epithelial cells, and Hassall's corpuscles by immunocytochemical methods. Although a few studies were performed on the ultrastructural characteristics of the different types of thymic epithelial cells, there is still some controversy about the classification of thymic epithelial cell subsets. Thus, the present study was performed to investigate the ultrastructural features of thymic epithelial cell subsets in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, which are the most commonly used species of rat for biological researches, using transmission electron microscopy to shed more light on the heterogeneity of thymic epithelial cells. On the basis of ultrastructural features, we could identify and classify eight subsets of epithelial cells in normal rat thymus. In particular, this study provided a clear and easy way to identify the type 3 epithelial cells by their characteristic 'perinuclear arrangement pattern of relatively short bundles of tonofilaments'. This is an important finding since the type 3 epithelial cells has been considered to be the most difficult type to identify among various thymic epithelial cell types. The results of the present ultrastructural study of thymic epithelial cells provided more insight into the heterogeneity of thymic epithelial cells, and can contribute to the understanding of roles played by different types of thymic epithelial cells.
Adult ; Animals ; Classification ; Epithelial Cells* ; Epithelium ; Humans ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Population Characteristics ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thymocytes ; Thymus Gland*

Polaris, which is encoded by Tg737 gene, has been associated with cilia formation. Recently pheno-types of ventral neural tube in mice who have abnormal cilia formation have been reported to be similar with those of sonic hedgehog (Shh)signaling mutants. These interesting findings lead us to further examine the patterning of ventral neural tube in Tg737(oprk) mice. In this study, we found that motor neuron and V2 interneuron were preserved whereas P3 progenitor domain and floor plate were missing in Tg737(oprk) mutant. V2 and motor neurons in Tg737(oprk) were ventralized and ixed with each other. Nkx6.1 and Olig2 expressions were preserved and the Olig2 expression was ventralized in Tg737(oprk). These penotypes are quite similar with those in Shh(-/-); Gli3(-/-) or Gli2(-/-) ; Gli3(-/-) mutants, suggesting that the function of Polaris might be involved in Shh signaling.
Animals ; Cilia ; Hedgehogs ; Interneurons ; Mice ; Motor Neurons ; Neural Tube*

University Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling has been shown to play instructive roles in developing spinal cord. Depending on the Shh concentration gradient, different progenitor domains and ventral neurons are induced. However, the way how the Shh gradient is translated into different progenitor domains, is not clear. To investigate the translation of the Shh gradient, we studied expressions of homeoproteins which are critical for establishment of progenitor domains, in the ventral neural tube of Shh(-/-)and Shh(-/-);Gli3(-/-) mutants, using in situ hybridization. In Shh(-/-) mutant, the expressions of class II homeoproteins (Nkx6.1, Nkx6.2, Olig2, Nkx2.2 were totally repressed. The expressions of class I homeoproteins (Dbx1, Dbx2, Irx3, Pax6 were ventralized. In Shh(-/-);Gli3(-/-) mutant, the expressions of class II homeoproteins except Nkx2.2 were restored. The expressions of class I home-oproteins were restored to its original position although their restoration is not complete. From above results, we conclude that Gli3 can regulate the expressions of class II homeoproteins, which suggests that the Shh gradient will be translated into Gli activity in the developing spinal cord.
Hedgehogs ; Homeodomain Proteins ; In Situ Hybridization ; Neural Tube ; Neurons ; Spinal Cord*

Essential roles of Gli3 in ventral neural tube have been stressed from studies of Shh(-/-) and Shh(-/-); Gli3(-/-) mutants. However, roles of Gli3 in dorsal neural tube have not been fully appreciated despite of its high expression. To find out roles of Gli3 in dorsal neural tube, we studied cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in dorsal neural tube of Gli3(-/-) mutant. In Gli3(-/-) mutant, proliferation of progenitor cells in dorsal neural tube is increased compared to wild type embryos based on phosphohistone 3 immunohistochemistry and BrdU experiment. The appearances of HuC/D positive and Isl1 postive cells which represent postmitotic neurons and dI3 interneurons were delayed in Gli3(-/-) mutant compared to wild type embryo. The appearance of a proneural gene, Ngn2 was also delayed in Gli3(-/-) mutant compared to wild type embryo. Neuronal differentiation of progenitor cells in dorsal neural tube was delayed in Gli3(-/-) mutant compared to wild type embryos based on HuC/D, Isl1 and Ngn2 expressions. These results suggest that Gli3 plays important roles in cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in dorsal neural tube. Thus our data shed a new light on the role of Gli3 in the development of neural tube.
Bromodeoxyuridine ; Cell Proliferation ; Embryonic Structures ; Immunohistochemistry ; Interneurons ; Neural Tube* ; Neurons ; Stem Cells