The fractures of the supracondylar region of the femur are difficult to manage because of the wide range of potential complications. In the past, conservative treatment was considered superior to internal fixation of the supracondylar fractures of the femur in adults. Recently the new fixation devices and techniques were developed. After then, the accurate anatomical reduction, rigid internal fixation, and early ambulation have more improved results of the treatments than the past. However the management of supracondylar fractures of the femur remains controversial. The following clinical results was shown by analysis of 48 cases of supracondylar fractures of the femur treated in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chosun University Hospital during the past 6 years from Jan. 1979 to Dec. 1984. 1. The ratio between males and females was 3: 1, and the most case was active age. 2. The most common casue of injury was traffic accident(32 cases). 3. A classification of supracondylar fractures was divided according to Schatzker's classification, and the most common type was type II (20 cases). 4. In the methods of treatment, surgical treatment by open reduction and internal fixation was used for 32 cases, the conservative management by using skeletal traction for 16 cases. 5. The satisfactory result of surgical treatment was 60% and conservative treatment was 43.7% respectively. 6. The most common complication was the ankylosis of the knee joint.
Adult ; Ankylosis ; Classification ; Early Ambulation ; Female ; Femur ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; Male ; Orthopedics ; Traction

For cervical cancer, the combination chemotherapy could increase the trial of radical hysterectomy due to reduction in tumor volume even in advanced stage and help to decrease corrected dose of radiotherapy. It also reduces postoperative radiotherapy to avoid the side effect and therefore make the quality of life better. Cisplatin chemotherapy alone was known to result in objective response rates of 20%. Todays animal experiment studies stated that Ifosfamide could accelerate the efficacy of Cisplatin. Thus in this study, neoadjuvant chemotherapy was applied to those cervical cancer patients in the use of the combination chemotherapy including Ifosfamide, PI(Cisplatin+ Ifosfamide) and PAIB(Cisplatin+ Ifosfamide+ Adriamycin+ Bleomycin). A total of 43 patients were entered in this trial, 23(53%) achieved at least a 50% reduction in tumor volume, 20(47%) showed no change. After completion of combination chemotherapy, 30(70%) of the 43 were done radical hysterectomy, 13(30%) given to radiotherapy. 9(30%) of the 30 patients were applied postoperative radiation therapy. Nausea and vomiting occurred in 35 of the 43 patients(81%) and alopecia 15(34%) for toxicity. Severe CNS toxicity(Grade 4) was detected in one patient. This study suggest that Ifosfamide combination chemotherapy is effective in tumor reduction and minimal toxity and can performed radical operation in cases of large tumor volume.
Alopecia ; Animal Experimentation ; Cisplatin ; Doxorubicin* ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Ifosfamide* ; Nausea ; Quality of Life ; Radiotherapy ; Tumor Burden ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms* ; Vomiting

The hippocampus is a central area of the memory-related neural system. Combined immunohistochemistry against choline acetyl transferase and retrograde transneuronal labelling of the pseudorabies virus were used to identify cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system projecting to the hippocampal formation of the rat. Five to ten microL of Bartha strain of pseudorabies virus were injected into the dentate gyrus, CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus of 20 Sprague Dawley rats using stereotaxic instrument. Forty eight to 96 hr after the injection, the brains were removed and the tissue sections were processed for double immunofluorescence procedure using polyclonal antibodies against pseudorabies virus or choline acetyl transferase. The double labelled neurons were distributed at several different nuclei and the labelling patterns of three different areas of the hippocampus were similar. These data suggests that the cholinergic innervation to the hippocampus were distributed in a transsynaptic manner throughout the whole brain area.
Animal ; Antibodies ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/*analysis/immunology ; Cholinergic Fibers/*enzymology ; Herpesvirus 1, Suid/immunology ; Hippocampus/*cytology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Microinjections ; Neural Pathways ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

BACKGROUND: The Pap smear has brought about a dramatic improvement in the prevention of cervical cancer in women worldwide. In an effort to decrease the occasional false negatives in the Pap smear and further increase the screened population, ThinPrep Pap Test (TP), a fluid-based cytology collection method, has been developed. With preservation of claimed advantages of TP, we have developed a Pap test solution for manual preparatory process and compared our manually processed fluid-based Pap smear with TP to identify cytologic similarities and differences between the two methods. METHODS: Cervical swipes of 204 patients were prospectively collected in the 'Pap solution' and also in PreservCyt solution for TP. Diagnoses and smear characteristics were compared. RESULTS: The diagnoses of the paired smears agreed in 190 of the 204 cases (93.1%). The smear characteristics regarding overall cellularity and background cellularities were similar in the two methods and the stainability of the cells was virtually the same. CONCLUSIONS: The 'Pap solution' has similar performance characteristics as TP in many aspects. With its advantages of cost-effectiveness and easier preparatory process, the 'Pap solution' can match previously implemented thin layer preparation.
Female ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD) is important for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies have reported the prevalence and severity of BPSD changes. However, these studies have mainly focused on the AD patients with mild to moderate severity. Our study investigated the BPSD in AD patients with more advanced stages and looked at the prevalence and severity of BPSD with the progression of disease. METHODS: One hundred thirty six patients with probable AD received the Korean version of the neuropsychiatric inventory along with the expanded version of the Korean Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) and the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE). RESULTS: The mean K-MMSE, CDR and NPI scores were 10.1 (SD=7.1), 2.0 (SD=1.5) and 32.7 (SD=26.2), respectively. CDR and K-MMSE scores did not correlate with the total NPI score but did correlate with some of the subscale NPI scores. Apathy had the highest relationship to CDR (r=0.39, p<0.01). Aberrant motor was most correlated with the total score of NPI (r=0.65, p<0.01). The mean number of positive NPI items was 4.3, which ranged from 2.1 (CDR 5 group) to 5.4 (CDR 2 group). The most frequent symptom was apathy and the least was euphoria. The severity of BPSD increased as the dementia severity increased to CDR 2 except apathy. Night-time behavior and anxiety were frequent in the early stages whereas apathy and aberrant motor were frequent symptoms in later stages. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that BPSD is relatively independent of cognitive functions. The prevalence and severity of BPSD with the exclusion of apathy, increased as the dementia severity increased from CDR 0.5 to CDR 2 and then declined declined except apathy.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Anxiety ; Apathy ; Dementia ; Diagnosis ; Euphoria ; Humans ; Prevalence

Rheumatoid vasculitis usually occurs in patients with long standing, seropositive, erosive rheumatoid arthritis. It involves typically small to medium-sized vessels and is associated with peripheral neuropathy, digital gangrene, nail fold infarcts, livedo reticularis, and palpable purpura. Histologic examination of skin biopsy specimens usually shows leukocytoclastic vasculitis. We report a case of rheumatoid vasculitis developed on both extremities in a 63-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis for 15 years.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Biopsy ; Extremities ; Female ; Gangrene ; Humans ; Livedo Reticularis ; Middle Aged ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Purpura ; Rheumatoid Vasculitis* ; Skin ; Vasculitis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of an AED by 119 rescuers in prehospital cardiac arrest. METHODS: 132 patients who experienced prehospital cardiac arrest and was defibrillated by 119 rescuers using AED from January 2003 to December 2004 were included in this study. They were reviewed retrospectively based on 119 rescue service records and ECG. We analyzed patients' general characteristics, types of ECG rhythm, time intervals from EMS activation to arrival and from EMS activation to the first defibrillation, numbers of defibrillation, and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). RESULTS: The mean age was 57.33+/-17.84 years with 92 males and 40 females. 68 patients showed shockable rhythms (coarse ventricular fibrillation 41, fine ventricular fibrillation 24, pulseless ventricular tachycardia 3) and 39 patients showed unshockable rhythms (pulseless electrical activity 19 , asystole 18, normal sinus rhythm 2) as an initial rhythm at EMS arrival. Unshockable rhythms were changed to shockable rhythms after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 25 patients had no ECG rhythms on 119 rescue service records. In the patients with shockable rhythms initially (68 patients), 18 patients experienced ROSC, whereas only 1 patients experienced ROSC in the patients with unshockable rhythms initially (39 patients). The patients with shockable rhythms initially had higher ROSC rates than the patients with unshockable rhythms initially (26.1% vs 2.6%, p=0.001) and received less defibrillation than the patients with unshockable rhythms initially (1.37+/-0.60 vs 2.49+/-1.87, p=0.016). There were no significant differences in the time intervals from EMS activation to arrival (5.74+/-2.13 minutes vs 7.12+/-4.33 minutes, p=0.529) and from EMS activation to the first defibrillation (14.20+/-7.97 minutes vs 13.75+/-7.30 minutes, p=0.542) between ROSC group & non-ROSC group. There was no significant difference in ROSC between male and female (13% vs 17.5%, p=0.164). CONCLUSION: The patients with shockable rhythms initially had higher ROSC rates than the patients with unshockable rhythms initially (26.1% vs 2.6%, p=0.001) and received less defibrillation than the patients with unshockable rhythms initially (1.37+/-0.60 vs 2.49+/-1.87, p=0.016).
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Defibrillators ; Electric Countershock ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Ventricular Fibrillation

Human papillomavirus(HPV) has been implicated in the development of uterine cervical cancer. Detectioe of the small amounts of HPV DNA in cervical cells has been very difficult. The polymerase chain reaction(PCR) is a new technique that can specifically amplify target DNA to facilitate its detectiion. PCR technique wes used to detect HPV types 16 and 18 in cervical specimeas obtained from nnormal cervix(20 cases), dysplasia(25 cses), carcinoma in situ(21 cases), microinvasive cancer(ll cases), and invasive cancer(46 cases). And then, case of invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix were analyzed to determine that the presence of specific human papillomavirus DNA in the neoplasm was a contributing factor to their outcome. The detection rate of HPV 16 DNA in normnal cervix, dysplasia, ClS, microinvasive cancer, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma were 50.0%, 36.0%, 81.0%, 45.5%, and 58.7%, respectively. The detection rate of HPV 18 DNA in normal cervix, dysplasia, CIS, microinvasive cancer, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma were 0.0%, 8,0%, 4.8%, 0.0%, and 19.6%, respectively. of the factors evaluated in invasive cervical cancer, adenocarcinomatous component(p= 0.004) and tumor grade(p=0.015) were found to be correlated with HPV l8 infection. 5 of 8 women whose tumors contained glandular elements had HPV 18 DNA, whereas only 4 of 38 women whose tumors contained only squamous elements showed this infection. 6 of 9 women of HPV l8 infected tumors were grade 3 tumors as compared to only 7 of 28 of HPV 16 infected tumors. Age at diagnosis and nodal status in relation to HPV type 18 exhibited a trend but were not statisitically significant. These observations suggest that HPV type 18 may be associated with a more aggressive form of cervical cancer than HPV type 16.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cervix Uteri ; Diagnosis ; DNA ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; Humans* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

Human gingival fibroblasts have proven to useful as a species specific cell culture system in various system on periodontal disease and regeneration. However, their use is limited, since they are hard to obtain and lifespan is short due to replicative senescence. To overcome these disadvantages, we transfected primary human gingival fibroblasts by the E6 and E7 genes of the Human papilloma virus(HPV) 16. The full length of HPV 16 E6 and E7 was cloned from the pBR322 into BamH1 and Sal I of a pBabe vector including hygromycin B resistance. Before pBabeE6/E7 plasmid transfection, peak 8 GFP including G418 resistance was transfected into primary GF to check the transfection efficency. PBabe E6/E7 plasmid was transfected using Lipofectamine plus following manufacter's instruction into primary normal human gingival fibroblasts in 60mm dishes with FBS free DMEM. After 2 days of transfection, the cells were treated with hygromycin for 2 weeks until the transfected control cells died. The resulting hygromycin resistant colonies were pooled, and clonned, and sucessful transfection was established for immortalized gingival fibroblast cell lines. Immoralized GF cells showed stellate shape, that is similar to that of orange grains, and more rapid growth and higher proliferation than that of primary gingival fibroblasts. This cell lines overcame crisis and could be cultured over 30 subcultured, could be use for three dimentional culture, epithelial-mesenchymal interaction study.
Cell Aging ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Line* ; Edible Grain ; Citrus sinensis ; Clone Cells ; Fibroblasts* ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Humans* ; Hygromycin B ; Papilloma ; Periodontal Diseases ; Plasmids ; Regeneration ; Transfection

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Viral rhinitis has been considered as an important part in the clinical activity of the ENT specialists in private practice. However, the estimate of how big a proportion the viral rhinitis has and how it is being treated in otolaryngic private practitioners has not been published yet. Thus we aimed to investigate these issues in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred ENT specialists privately practicing in Seoul, Gyeongki, and Choongcheong area were selected. Questionnaire pertaining to the proportion of viral rhinitis patient on their practice and their way of treatment was mailed to the selected doctors. RESULTS: The patients presenting with viral rhinitis symptom constitutes 38.9% of their patient population on the average. Most patients with viral rhinitis visited ENT specialists within 7 day after onset of rhinitis symptom. The mean duration of prescription for the patients not having complication was 4.3 days. The most frequently prescribed medication for viral rhinitis was first generation antihistamine, systemic decongestants, nebulization, and NSAID in order of frequency. The most annoying symptom for the viral rhinitis patients was nasal obstruction. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that viral rhinitis takes an important position in the otolaryngic private practice.
Humans ; Nasal Decongestants ; Nasal Obstruction ; Postal Service ; Prescriptions ; Private Practice ; Rhinitis* ; Seoul ; Specialization ; Surveys and Questionnaires