Purpose: Management options for extraperitoneal bladder injury (EBI) associated with pelvic fracture are variable. Predictive factors of operative management (OM) in patients with EBI associated pelvic fracture have not been previously addressed. This study assessed the current epidemiology of blunt traumatic urinary bladder injury and evaluated relevant clinical findings of patients with EBI associated with pelvic fracture who received OM.
Methods: Patients with urinary bladder injury with or without pelvic fracture from blunt trauma from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2019 were identified from the institute trauma registry (n = 12,891). Demographics, mechanism of injury, type of urinary bladder injury, pelvic fracture configuration, and management options were analysed in the study population (n = 9,894).
Results: Of the 1,400 patients who had pelvic and/or acetabular fracture, 32 (2.3%) had urinary bladder injury. Of the 8,494 patients without pelvic and/or acetabular fracture, 12 (0.1%) had nonpelvic fracture urinary bladder injury. The total incidence of urinary bladder injuries in the study population was 0.4% (44/9,894). Patients with EBI associated with pelvic fracture who underwent OM, had a higher frequency of high-grade pelvic injury (100% vs 0%, p = 0.015), concomitant pelvic surgery (75.0% vs 0%, p = 0.001), and non-lateral compression type pelvic fracture (62.5% vs 10.0%, p = 0.043) compared with patients who underwent non-operative management of EBI.
Conclusions These data suggest that OM may be considered especially in patients with EBI associated with pelvic fracture with high grade pelvic injury, concomitant pelvic surgery, and nonlateral compression type pelvic fracture.

Purpose: Management options for extraperitoneal bladder injury (EBI) associated with pelvic fracture are variable. Predictive factors of operative management (OM) in patients with EBI associated pelvic fracture have not been previously addressed. This study assessed the current epidemiology of blunt traumatic urinary bladder injury and evaluated relevant clinical findings of patients with EBI associated with pelvic fracture who received OM.
Methods: Patients with urinary bladder injury with or without pelvic fracture from blunt trauma from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2019 were identified from the institute trauma registry (n = 12,891). Demographics, mechanism of injury, type of urinary bladder injury, pelvic fracture configuration, and management options were analysed in the study population (n = 9,894).
Results: Of the 1,400 patients who had pelvic and/or acetabular fracture, 32 (2.3%) had urinary bladder injury. Of the 8,494 patients without pelvic and/or acetabular fracture, 12 (0.1%) had nonpelvic fracture urinary bladder injury. The total incidence of urinary bladder injuries in the study population was 0.4% (44/9,894). Patients with EBI associated with pelvic fracture who underwent OM, had a higher frequency of high-grade pelvic injury (100% vs 0%, p = 0.015), concomitant pelvic surgery (75.0% vs 0%, p = 0.001), and non-lateral compression type pelvic fracture (62.5% vs 10.0%, p = 0.043) compared with patients who underwent non-operative management of EBI.
Conclusions These data suggest that OM may be considered especially in patients with EBI associated with pelvic fracture with high grade pelvic injury, concomitant pelvic surgery, and nonlateral compression type pelvic fracture.

Purpose: The effects of dexmedetomidine on locomotor function and thermal hyperalgesia in sciatic nerve crush injury (SNCI) were investigated using rats. Methods: After exposing the right sciatic nerve, the sciatic nerve was crushed for 1 minute by a surgical clip. One day after nerve injury, dexmedetomidine (5, 25, and 50 µg/kg) was directly applied to the injured sciatic nerve once a day for 14 days. Walking track analysis was used to assess locomotor function and plantar test was conducted to assess thermal pain sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression of c-Fos in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Western blot was used to evaluate the expression level of nerve growth factor (NGF) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in the sciatic nerve. Results: SNCI resulted in deterioration of locomotor function and increased thermal pain sensitivity. The level of c-Fos expression in the PVN and vlPAG was increased and the level of NGF and MBP expression in the sciatic nerve was enhanced by SNCI. Dexmedetomidine treatment improved locomotor function and upregulated expression of NGF and MBP in the sciatic nerve of SNCI. Dexmedetomidine treatment alleviated thermal hyperalgesia and downregulated expression of c-Fos in the vlPAG and PVN after SNCI. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine may be used as a potential new treatment drug for recovery of locomotion and control of pain in peripheral nerve injury.

Mesenteric pseudocyst is rare. This term is used to describe the abdominal cystic mass, without the origin of abdominal organ. We presented a case of mesenteric pseudocyst of the small bowel in a 70-year-old man. Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy showed a 3.5 cm sized excavated lesion on the posterior wall of angle. Endocopic biopsy confirmed a histologic diagnosis of the poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, which includes the signet ring cell component. Abdominal computed tomography scan showed a focal mucosal enhancement in the posterior wall of angle of the stomach, a 2.4 cm sized enhancing mass on the distal small bowel loop, without distant metastases or ascites in rectal shelf, and multiple gallbladder stones. The patient underwent subtotal gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy, segmental resection of the small bowel, and cholecystectomy. The final pathological diagnosis was mesenteric pseudocyst. This is the first case report describing incidentally detected mesenteric pseudocyst of the small bowel in gastric cancer patients.
Adenocarcinoma ; Aged ; Ascites ; Biopsy ; Cellular Structures ; Cholecystectomy ; Gallbladder ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Mesenteric Cyst ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Stomach ; Stomach Neoplasms

The rate of dependence among ever-users of a drug indicates the risk of developing dependence once an individual has been exposed to the drug. This is the first study to investigate 12-month tobacco dependence (TD) among ever-smokers in a community-based population. Analyses were based on two national studies of representative samples aged 18-64 in 1984 (n=5,025) and in 2001 (n=6,275), conducted with household visits and face-to-face interviews. The rates of 12-month TD among ever-smokers in men showed no significant difference between 51.6% in 1984 and 50.6% in 2001. On the contrary, the rates in women significantly increased from 33.3% in 1984 to 52.8% in 2001. After adjusting for the sociodemographic variables, 'male gender' was significantly associated with 12-month TD among eversmokers in 1984, but not in 2001. 'Unmarried' was significantly associated in 2001 but not in 1984. 'Alcohol dependence' was the only psychiatric disorder associated with 12-month TD in both study years. In conclusion, 12-month TD was found in about 50% of ever-smokers, and gender differences between the rates of 12-month TD which was observed in 1984 disappeared in 2001. Individuals with 12-month TD showed higher comorbidity with alcohol dependence than ever-smokers without TD.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Alcoholism/complications ; Comorbidity ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; *Smoking ; Tobacco Use Disorder/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is known to be involved in the stress response and in some degenerative brain disorders. In addition, CRF has a role as a neuromodulator in adult cerebellar circuits. Data from developmental studies suggest a putative role for CRF as a trophic factor during cerebellar development. In this study, we investigated the trophic role for CRF family of peptides by culturing cerebellar neurons in the presence of CRF, urocortin or urocortin II. Primary cell cultures of cerebella from embryonic day 18 mice were established, and cells were treated for either 1, 5 or 9 days with Basal Medium Eagles complete medium alone or complete medium with 1 micrometer CRF, urocortin, or urocortin II. The number of GABA-positive neurons in each treatment condition was counted at each culture age for monitoring the changes in neuronal survival. Treatment with 1 micrometer CRF or 1 micrometer urocortin increased the survival of GABAergic neurons at 6 days in vitro and 10 days in vitro, and this survival promoting effect was abolished by treatment with astressin in the presence of those peptides. Based on these data, we suggest that CRF or urocortin has a trophic role promoting the survival of cerebellar GABAergic neurons in cultures.
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism ; Time Factors ; Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/*metabolism ; Peptides/chemistry ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice ; Immunohistochemistry ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/biosynthesis/*physiology ; Cerebellum/*embryology/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cell Survival ; Animals

Two trials of external quality assessment for clinical microbiology laboratory were performed in 2005. A total of 12 specimens were distributed. Six specimens were distributed to 308 laboratories with 272 (88.3%) returns in Trial I and 276 (89.6%) returns in Trial II. The acceptable percentages of Gram-stain were relatively good. The acceptable percentages of bacterial identification on Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Brucella species (Trial I) were 80.1%, 98.3%, 87.6%, 81.3%, 55.5%, 38.1%, respectively. The acceptable percentages of bacterial identification on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Brahamella catarrhalis, Burkholderia cepacia, Campylobacter fetus, Rhodoccus equi (Trial II) were 97.5%, 85.9%, 71.0%, 85.9%, 8.3%, 51.0%, respectively. The acceptable percentages for antimicrobial susceptibility tests on Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were relatively high, but those on Klebsiella pneumoniae for ESBL and Enterococcus faecalis for vancomycin-resistance were not high. In conclusion, the acceptable percentages of bacterial stain and identification were relatively good except C. fetus. However, it is necessary that the quality assurance of the individual laboratories should be improved for antimicrobial susceptibility tests, and the selection of the most appropriate antimicrobial agents to test should be also considered.
Acinetobacter baumannii ; Aeromonas hydrophila ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Brucella ; Burkholderia cepacia ; Campylobacter fetus ; Enterococcus ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Fetus ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Korea* ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus pyogenes

Two trials of external quality assessment for clinical microbiology laboratory were performed in 2004. A total of 12 specimens were distributed. Six specimens were distributed to 293 laboratories with 277 returns in Trial I and six specimens to 293 laboratories with 274 returns in Trial II. The acceptable percentages of Gram-stain on Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis were 96.0%, 98.5%, 97.4% and 98.2%, respectively. The acceptable percentages of bacterial identification on Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Shigella flexneri, Gemella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis (Trial II), Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria monocytogenes, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Eikenella corrodens were 97.5% (including 33.7% of no growth), 99.6%, 93.2%, 82.3%, 95.4%, 50.7%, 98.4%, 92.3%, 87.0%, 78.9%, 92.5% (including 53.4% of no growth), respectively. The acceptable percentages for antimicrobial susceptibility tests on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were relatively high, but those on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis were not high. In conclusion, the acceptable percentages of bacterial stain and identification were relatively good. However, it is necessary that the quality assurance of the individual laboratories should be improved for antimicrobial susceptibility tests on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis, and the selection of the most appropriate antimicrobial agents to test should be also considered.
Anti-Infective Agents ; Eikenella corrodens ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Erysipelothrix ; Escherichia coli ; Gemella ; Korea* ; Listeria monocytogenes ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Shigella flexneri ; Staphylococcus saprophyticus ; Streptococcus agalactiae ; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Three trials of external quality assessment for clinical microbiology laboratory and two workshops were performed in 2003. A total of 19 specimens were distributed. Six specimens were distributed to 241 laboratories with 231 returns in Trial I, Five specimens to 241 laboratories with 225 returns in Trial II, and seven specimens to 245 laboratories with 220 returns in Trial III. The percentages of fully correct results of E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Candida albicans, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and Candida tropicalis were 99%, 83%, 99%, 89%, 97%, 92%, 90%, 98%, 83%, 90%, 99%, and 63%, respectively. The standard deviation (SD) of inhibition zone diameter against each antibiotic was calculated. The within-one-SD percentages on disk diffusion test against ciprofloxacin, imipenem, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and cephalothin of E. coli (M0301) were 86%, 78%, 86%, 91%, and 76%, respectively. Those against vancomycin and teicoplanin of E. faecalis (M0302) were 77% and 95%, respectively. Those against vancomycin, oxacillin, penicillin G, clindamycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and teicoplanin of S. aureus (M0303) were 82%, 80%, 81%, 81%, 79%, 80%, 88%, and 90%, respectively. Those against ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, ceftazidime, and piperacillin of P. aeruginosa (M0304) were 73%, 88%, 85%, 83%, and 78%, respectively. Those against ciprofloxacin, imipenem, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and cephalothin of K. pneumoniae (M0305) were 89%, 89%, 87%, 81% and 86%, respectively. Thirty-five laboratories on Trial I and Trial II had reported the both results of disk diffusion and MIC methods. Seven laboratories use disk diffusion method or MIC method according to the bacterial species. The performance on the automated or E-test susceptibility tests was generally good. In conclusion, it is necessary that the quality assurance of the individual laboratories should be improved in the identification of Candida tropicalis and Enterococcus spp., and in susceptibility tests against oxacillin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin of S. aureus, and cephalothin and imipenem of E. coli and vancomycin of E. faecalis in case of disk diffusion method.
Ampicillin ; Candida albicans ; Candida tropicalis ; Cefotaxime ; Ceftazidime ; Cephalothin ; Ciprofloxacin ; Clindamycin ; Diffusion ; Education ; Enterococcus ; Erythromycin ; Gentamicins ; Imipenem ; Korea* ; Oxacillin ; Penicillin G ; Piperacillin ; Pneumonia ; Teicoplanin ; Vancomycin

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of the DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in Korean population using the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI). METHODS: Subjects were selected by taking multi-stage, cluster samples of 7,867 adult household residents, 18 to 64 years of age, in ten catchment areas. Total 78 trained interviewers administered the K-CIDI to the selected respondents, from June 1 to November 30, 2001. RESULTS: Total 6,275 respondents completed the interview. Some 33.5% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, 20.6% reported at least one-year disorder, and 16.7% reported at least one-month disorder. The most common lifetime disorders were alcohol abuse/dependence (17.24%), nicotine dependence/withdrawal (11.19%), specific phobia (5.16%), and major depressive disorder (4.25%). The lifetime prevalence of substance abuse/dependence (0.25%) and schizophrenia (0.16%) was very low. Nicotine and alcohol use disorder showed very high male/female ratio. Mood disorder and anxiety disorder were more prevalent among female than male. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was high. In comparison with other studies, remarkable differences in distributions of psychiatric disorders across the areas and times were observed.
Adult ; Anxiety Disorders ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Epidemiology ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mood Disorders ; Nicotine ; Phobic Disorders ; Prevalence* ; Schizophrenia