PURPOSE: The extent of ESWL(Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy), a treatment for urinary calculus, shows gradual development and the treatment has become generally known as a noninvasive, safe, and efficacious method. Although the testicular effects are not within the vicinity of shock waves in carrying ESWL as a treatment for urinary calculus, research was initiated to examine effects which shock waves might cause on the testis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After applying shock waves at intensity 4 for 1,000 times to the testis of Sprague Dawley immature rat, the histopathologic changes within the tissue of testis were observed after 1, 7, 14, 28 days, respectively. RESULTS: In the case of the experimental group having shock waves on the testis, destruction of seminiferous tubules, necrosis, and hemorrhage were found out a%or a day. One week later the atrophy of seminiferous tubules, interstitial fibrosis, and a small portion of chronic inflammatory cell appeared The capillary proliferation near the testis capsule also appeared. Two weeks later somewhat atrophied seminiferous tubules and proliferation of Leydig cells appeared. Diversely atrophied seminiferous tubules, diffusion of Leydig cell proliferation, calcified tubules, and foreignbody reaction were discovered after 4 weeks. As times went on, the tendency of recovery appeared. CONCLUSIONS: Noxious influences such as testicular atrophy and disturbance of spermatogenesis occurred in inflicting immediate shock wave on the testis. Therefore the need of more researches concerning long-term sequelae and the influences on the human body should be taken into consideration.
Animals ; Atrophy ; Capillaries ; Cell Proliferation ; Diffusion ; Fibrosis ; Hemorrhage ; Human Body ; Leydig Cells ; Male ; Necrosis ; Rats* ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Shock* ; Spermatogenesis ; Testis* ; Urinary Calculi

We designed this study to investigate the effects of adenosine on penile erection in Sprague- Dawley rats, in vivo. This was performed by simultaneous monitoring intracavernosal pressure( ICP) and systemic blood pressure with UROCOMPACT 6000 plus( WIEST, Germany) after intracavernosal injection of adenosine, papaverine and adenosine plus papaverine. Increment of maximal ICP was observed in the adenosine treated-group (0.015 to 0.15mg, n=30) in dose dependent manner, i.e., 15.8+/-0.95cmH2O with 0.015mg adenosine to 44.6+/-2.72cmH2O with 0.15mg adenosine, in mean ICP(n=l0, P<0.05). A similar finding was observed in the papaverine treated-group (0.015 to 0.15mg, n =30) in dose dependent manner. i.e., 28.1+/-2.88cmH2O with 0.015mg papaverine to 62.3+/-4.93cmH2O with 0.15mg papaverine, in mean ICP (n=10, P<0.05). The additive effect of adenosine plus papaverine treated-group( 0.015 + 0.015 to 0.15 +0.l5mg, n=30) was to enhance the results obtained by adenosine or papaverine alone in dose dependent manner. i.e., 50.7+/-1.71cmH2O with 0.015mg + 0.015mg papaverine to 79.5+/-5.63cmH2O with 0.15mg adenosine + 0.15mg papaverine. in mean ICP(n= 10, P<0.05). These results suggest that adenosine plays an important role on penile erection in rats. Adenosine may be useful for the future management of impotence, although the clinical effect remains to be investigated.
Adenosine* ; Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Male ; Papaverine ; Penile Erection* ; Rats*

Priapism is a well recognized complication of some oral medications. Those most commonly cited are: antipsychotic drugs, especially the phenolhiazine: trazodone and chlorpromazine :and the antihyperlensive drugs hydralazine, guanethidine and prazocin. We report a case or priapism associated with the use of chlorpromazine who experienced 2 episodes or priapism and never experience priapism after cessation of the drug.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Chlorpromazine* ; Guanethidine ; Hydralazine ; Priapism* ; Trazodone

The ultrasonographic features in 26 cases of blunt testicular trauma were reviewed. Ultrasonography diagnosed correctly in 11 surgically proven cases of testicular rupture. There were three false-positive cases, two with a large scrotal hematocele and one with epididymis rupture. there were no false-negative cases. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonographic diagnosis were 100% and 80% respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 78. 6% and 100% respectively. Therefore, the negative diagnosis by ultrasonography can warrant conservative therapy.
Diagnosis ; Epididymis ; Hematocele ; Male ; Rupture ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography*

Suprapubic cystostomy by trocar is a simple, safe and useful method for urinary diversion in acute urinary retention. But rarely, severe complications occur during or after suprapubic cystostomy such as bowel perforation, through and through perforation of the bladder, rectal injury and severe hematuria. We studied the complications of suprapubic cystostomy retrospectively and compared 19 patients who performed ultrasonographic examination with 30 patients without ultrasonographic examination. The complications in 30 patients without preliminary ultrasonographic examination were initial failure in 4 cases (13.3%), extravesical Foley indwelling in 2 cases (6.7%), puncture site closed to the pubic bone in 2 cases (6.7%), spontaneous bladder rupture in 1 case (3.3%) and bowel injury in 1 case (3.3%). But, the complication in 19 patients with preliminary ultrasonographic examination was only 1 retried case (5.3%) because of extravesical Foley indwelling. As above results, the brief preliminary ultrasonographic examination of the bladder is a very useful method with minimal risk during suprapubic cystostomy by trocar.
Cystostomy* ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Pubic Bone ; Punctures ; Retrospective Studies ; Rupture ; Surgical Instruments* ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Diversion ; Urinary Retention

An in vivo study was conducted on Sprague-Dawley rat to investigate the role of acetylcholine (AChl on penile erectionAn in vivo study was conducted on Sprague-Dawley rat to investigate the role of acetylcholine (AChl on penile erection. This was performed by simultaneously monitoring intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and systemic blood pressure after intracavernosal injection of ACh. anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) or atropine. with and without cavernosal nerve stimulation. Increase of basal ICP was not observed in the group with ACh (0.01 to 0.05ug) treatment alone (n=9). However, the synergic effect of ACh (0.01 to 0.05 ug) on nerve induced erection (NIE) was to enhance the results obtained by NIE alone. i.e., 55 mmHg with NIE alone to 77 mmHg with ACh pretreatment plus NIE. in mean ICP (n=9, P<0.05). A similar finding was observed in the group with anti-ChE pretreatment (0.01 to 1.Oug). i.e., 56 mmHg with NIE along to 84 mmHg with anti-ChE pretreatment plus NIE, in mean ICP (n=14, P<0.05). Conversely, NIE was markedly reduced in the group with atropine pretreatment (0.01 to 1.0ug) in dose dependent manner, i.e., 58mmHg with NIE along to 38mmHg with atropine pretreatment plus NIE, in mean ICP (n=13, P These results indicate that ACh does play a significant role in penile erection and it may require a cooperative action of other neurotransmitter to induce in vivo penile erection.
Acetylcholine* ; Animals ; Atropine ; Blood Pressure ; Electric Stimulation ; Male ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Penile Erection* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Hemangiomas of the skin are common, but intrascrotal hemangioma is a rare Complications include hemorrhage, ulceration, skin infection, thromboses and phlebitis. We report a case of intrascrotal hemangioma with spontaneous bleeding.
Hemangioma* ; Hemorrhage* ; Phlebitis ; Scrotum ; Skin ; Thrombosis ; Ulcer

Vesical dome tumors are classified, according to their origin, as either vesical or urachal. A case of vesical dome tumor was diagnosed as an urachal carcinoma preoperatively because CT scan and cystoscopic findings were suitable to the diagnostic criteria of urachal carcinoma, but the transurethral biopsy result was transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). The final histopathologic report after extended partial cystectomy revealed that the tumor was originated from vesical mucosa and an intact urachal remnant was found around the resected mass. In a tumor situated on the midline of bladder dome, a transurethral biopsy before curative operation is essential.
Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell* ; Cystectomy ; Mucous Membrane ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Urachus ; Urinary Bladder

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have reported an association between circadian preference and personality. Defense mechanism is unconscious ego process which deals with an individual's anxiety and is closely associated with one's personality. Our aim is to investigate the association between defense mechanism and circadian preference in medical students. METHODS: One hundred forty eight medical students (70 males, 78 females), aged 22 to 30, answered the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Morningness-eveningness Questionnaire, and Korean version of Defense Style Questinnaire. RESULTS: Consumption (beta=-0.262, p=0.001) and being a male (beta=0.175, p=0.031) were significant positive predictors of eveningness, while sublimation (beta=0.185, p=0.023) was a significant negative predictor of eveningness. CONCLUSION: Our study showed a relationship between specific defense mechanisms (i.e., consumption and sublimation) and eveningness in medical students, but it did not address whether the relationship is a causal one.
Anxiety ; Defense Mechanisms ; Depression ; Ego ; Humans ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Students, Medical* ; Sublimation*

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths throughout the world. The gene tumor protein 53 (TP53) is frequently mutated in cases of lung cancer. This study was performed to investigate the frequencies and types of mutations in the TP53 gene in Korean patients with lung cancer. METHODS: We obtained tissue samples from 80 lung cancer patients and synthesized TP53 cDNA by using RNA isolated from these tissues by performing reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Hybridization and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography were performed to identify the TP53 gene mutations, and then, the mutations were validated by direct sequencing. RESULTS: Forty mutations out of the 80 patients (50.0%) were noted in the TP53 gene. The frequencies of TP53 gene mutation for different cancer types, namely, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinoma were 61.1%, 27.3%, and 26.7%, respectively. The mutation frequencies in the different regions of the gene were 10.0% for exon 4, 35.0% for exon 5, 12.5% for exon 6, 22.5% for exon 7, 17.5% for exon 8, and 2.5% for exon 9. The frequently mutated positions were codon 179 in exon 5, codons 202 and 220 in exon 6, and codons 266 and 273 in exon 8. CONCLUSIONS: Exon 5 was the most frequently mutated region in the TP53 gene. Compared to the patients with the other types of cancers, patients with squamous cell carcinoma showed a higher frequency of TP53 mutation. Codon 179 was the most frequently mutated codon in the TP53 gene.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Chimera ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Codon ; DNA, Complementary ; Exons ; Genes, p53 ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Mutation Rate ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA