Bone tissue engineering is a novel, developing and challenging science which provides a new way to repair bone lost from injury and disease. Porous calcium polyphosphate bioceramic is one kind of absorptable bioceramic. Owing to its fine biocompatibility and degradability, more and more pieces of research wark have been carried out in bone tissue engineering, and because of its special characteristics, calcium polyphosphate bioceramic is regarded as a promising material for solving the problem of how to match the degradation velocity of scaffold with the velocity of cell growth. The recent research of using calcium polyphosphate bioceramic as the scaffold in bone tissue engineering is summarized, including the property, synthesis and advances.
Bone Substitutes ; chemistry ; Bone and Bones ; Calcium Phosphates ; chemistry ; Humans ; Porosity ; Tissue Engineering ; Tissue Scaffolds ; chemistry

OBJECTIVEIn order to get three dimensional measurements simply an plain X-ray photographs.

METHODSThe multi-layers of bone pieces were made by use of bone saw, and piled up to spiral ladder, which was used as a calibrating module for to living bone in clinics. The relationship between the cortical thickness and gray level of the X-ray photographs was obtained.

RESULTSThe correlation can be described with a cubic regression curve, and it can be simplified to a linear regression equation when cortical thickness is small than 3.8 mm.

CONCLUSIONIt can be realized to get three dimensional measures of the bone on plain X-ray photographs, by use of the bony spiral ladder described here.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the influence of microstructure on performance of triply-periodic minimal surface (TPMS) bone scaffolds. METHODS: The relevant literature on the microstructure of TPMS bone scaffolds both domestically and internationally in recent years was widely reviewed, and the research progress in the imfluence of microstructure on the performance of bone scaffolds was summarized. RESULTS: The microstructure characteristics of TPMS bone scaffolds, such as pore shape, porosity, pore size, curvature, specific surface area, and tortuosity, exert a profound influence on bone scaffold performance. By finely adjusting the above parameters, it becomes feasible to substantially optimize the structural mechanical characteristics of the scaffold, thereby effectively preempting the occurrence of stress shielding phenomena. Concurrently, the manipulation of these parameters can also optimize the scaffold's biological performance, facilitating cell adhesion, proliferation, and growth, while facilitating the ingrowth and permeation of bone tissue. Ultimately, the ideal bone fusion results will obtain. CONCLUSION The microstructure significantly and substantially influences the performance of TPMS bone scaffolds. By deeply exploring the characteristics of these microstructure effects on the performance of bone scaffolds, the design of bone scaffolds can be further optimized to better match specific implantation regions.
Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry* ; Tissue Engineering/methods* ; Bone and Bones ; Porosity

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a kind of plasma with high concentration of platelet,which includes a lot of growth factors. It was widely used in oral and maxillofacial surgery and orthopedics, for the repairing of bone, cartilage and soft tissues. The growth factors, especially PDGF and TGF-beta, plays an important role in different stages and aspects.
Animals ; Bone Diseases ; therapy ; Bone Regeneration ; Bone and Bones ; abnormalities ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Platelet-Rich Plasma ; chemistry

The source of Os Draconis (Longgu) has been greatly limited along with implementation of the regulation on the protection of fossils from January 1, 2011. Fingding substitute for Os Draconis becomes an urgent problem. Here, we summarized drug properties of Os Draconis and Ostreae Concha. Moreover the two herbs were usually compatible application in the clinical treatment since they possess similar chemical components and pharmacological activties. In term of these researches, Ostreae Concha may be substitute candidate for Os Draconis.
Animals ; Bone and Bones ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; supply & distribution ; Fossils ; Ostreidae ; chemistry

This study was conducted to find perfect temperature sintered bone as carrier of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). The different temperature active sintered bones, which were made up of calcine bone and bone morphogenetic protein, were implanted into the defects of rabbit radius. Compared with the sintered bone of 600 degrees C, the sintered bone of 900 degrees C and 1200 degrees C could induce more pieces of bone formation and be replaced by new bone. There were more pieces of new bone formation in sintered bone of 900 degrees C and 1200 degrees C than those in sintered bone of 600 degrees C (P<0.05). There was no difference between the sintered bone of 900 degrees C and 1 200 degrees C (P>0.05). In comparison with the sintered bone of 600 degrees C and 1200 degrees C, the sintered bone of 900 degrees C may be the choicest carrier of bone morphogenetic protein.
Animals ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ; chemistry ; Bone and Bones ; chemistry ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Female ; Hot Temperature ; Male ; Rabbits ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo comparatively investigate the inorganic composition and crystallographic properties of cortical and cancellous bone via thermal treatment under 700 °C.

METHODSThermogravimetric measurement, infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis and X-ray photo-electron spectrometer were used to test the physical and chemical properties of cortical and cancellous bone at room temperature 250 °C, 450 °C, and 650 °C, respectively.

RESULTSThe process of heat treatment induced an extension in the a-lattice parameter and changes of the c-lattice parameter, and an increase in the crystallinity reflecting lattice rearrangement after release of lattice carbonate and possible lattice water. The mineral content in cortical and cancellous bone was 73.2wt% and 71.5wt%, respectively. For cortical bone, the weight loss was 6.7% at the temperature from 60 °C to 250 °C, 17.4% from 250 °C to 450 °C, and 2.7% from 450 °C to 700 °C. While the weight loss for the cancellous bone was 5.8%, 19.9%, and 2.8 % at each temperature range, the Ca/P ratio of cortical bone was 1.69 which is higher than the 1.67 of stoichiometric HA due to the B-type CO₃²⁻ substitution in apatite lattice. The Ca/P ratio of cancellous bone was lower than 1.67, suggesting the presence of more calcium deficient apatite.

CONCLUSIONThe collagen fibers of cortical bone were arrayed more orderly than those of cancellous bone, while their mineralized fibers ollkded similar. The minerals in both cortical and cancellous bone are composed of poorly crystallized nano-size apatite crystals with lattice carbonate and possible lattice water. The process of heat treatment induces a change of the lattice parameter, resulting in lattice rearrangement after the release of lattice carbonate and lattice water and causing an increase in crystal size and crystallinity. This finding is helpful for future biomaterial design, preparation and application.

To detect the properties of natural xenogeneic bone derived materials which were processed with different physical and chemical treatments, we made fully deproteinized bone(FDB), partially deproteinized bone (PDPB), partially decalcified bone(PDCB) from pig ribs. Their morphological features, constitute components and mechanical properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy, x-rays diffraction analysis, mechanical assay and so on. The results showed that FDB, PDPB and PDCB maintained natural network pore system. The ratios of calcium to phosphorus were 1.81, 1.74 and 1.50, and the protein contents were 0.01% +/- 0.02%, 22.41% +/- 0.83% and 35.75% +/- 2.12% respectively. The sequence of their mechanic strength was PDCB > PDPB > FDB. These data indicate that FDB, PDPB and PDCB possess natural network pore system. Their organic and inorganic component ratios and contents are different, so their mechanic properties are not alike. Additionally, more investigations will be necessary to detect the biocompatibility of the three different scaffold materials of natural derived bone.
Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; chemistry ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Bone and Bones ; chemistry ; Materials Testing ; Swine ; Tissue Engineering

Objective: To evaluate the application of mechanically reinforced 45S5 Bioglass^®-derived glass ceramic porous scaffolds for repair of bone defect in rabbits. Methods: The BG-ZnB powders were added into the 45S5 Bioglass^® powder/paraffin microsphere mixtures and were sintered at 900℃ to obtain porous scaffolds with highly bioactive BG-ZnB of 0%, 2% or 4% of mass fraction (denoted as 45S5/ZnB0, 45S5/ZnB2, 45S5/ZnB4). Phase composition, porosity and compression properties of three kinds of as-sintered scaffolds were characterized by X-ray analysis, mercury porosimetry, and mechanical test. Thirty-six male New Zealand rabbits with critical-sized femoral bone defects were randomly divided into three groups (45S5/ZnB0 group, 45S5/ZnB2 group and 45S5/ZnB4 group, 12 for each), and were implanted with three kinds of porous scaffolds respectively. X-ray, micro-CT three-dimensional reconstruction and tissue slice staining were used to detected the efficiency of bone regeneration at 6 and 16 weeks after operation. The growth of newly formed bone was observed using HE, Masson staining and EnVision method. Results: Phase compositions of 45S5/ZnB2 and 45S5/ZnB4 were the same with 45S5/ZnB0, but the average pore size and porosity of the scaffolds were decreased with the increase of BG-ZnB content. 45S5/ZnB2 and 45S5/ZnB4 scaffolds exhibited higher compressive strength, osteogenesis and trabecular density than those of the 45S5/ZnB0 scaffold (all P<0.05). With the mechanical reinforcement of BG-ZnB increased, the content of new bone, collagen type I and osteocalcin increased. Conclusion: Low-melt BG-ZnB-assisted sintering is a promising approach to improve the mechanical strength of 45S5 Bioglass^®.
Animals ; Bone and Bones ; drug effects ; physiology ; Ceramics ; chemistry ; Glass ; Male ; Porosity ; Rabbits ; Tissue Scaffolds ; chemistry

Gelatin microspheres were discussed as a scaffold material for bone tissue engineering, with the advantages of its porosity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and biosafety highlighted. This review discusses how bone regeneration is aided by the three fundamental components of bone tissue engineering-seed cells, bioactive substances, and scaffold materials-and how gelatin microspheres can be employed for in vitro seed cell cultivation to ensure efficient expansion. This review also points out that gelatin microspheres are advantageous as drug delivery systems because of their multifunctional nature, which slows drug release and improves overall effectiveness. Although gelatin microspheres are useful for bone tissue creation, the scaffolds that take into account their porous structure and mechanical characteristics might be difficult to be created. This review then discusses typical techniques for creating gelatin microspheres, their recent application in bone tissue engineering, as well as possible future research directions.
Tissue Engineering/methods* ; Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry* ; Gelatin/chemistry* ; Microspheres ; Bone and Bones ; Porosity