Bone and Bones ; blood supply ; Tissue Engineering

Bone xenograft bone for the treatment of bone defect is one of the current research focus, which has advantages of extensive sources, low cost, simple preparation method. While the process of single bone xenograft bone in repairing bone defect is very long, and the clinical outcome is not satisfactory. The main problems focus on formation of bone and vascularization. Reconstituted bone xenograft combined with cells and xenogenic bone material could promote vascularization and bone fusion in vivo, thus achieve a clinical effect of autogenous bone in repairing bone defect.
Bone Transplantation ; methods ; Bone and Bones ; blood supply ; Humans ; Transplantation, Heterologous

No abstract available.
Animal ; Bone and Bones/blood supply* ; Bone and Bones/innervation ; Bone and Bones/physiology ; Comparative Study ; Dogs ; Human ; Joints/blood supply* ; Joints/innervation ; Joints/physiology ; Muscle Contraction ; Oxygen Consumption ; Rabbits ; Rats

With the continuous development of bone tissue engineering, a variety of emerging bone graft materials provided various methods for repairing bone defects. Early and rapid accomplishment of revascularization of materials interior after implantation of bone transplantation materials is a difficulty faced to bone tissue engineering. Blood vessels ingrowth provides the requisite netritional support for the regeneration reconstruction of bone tissue, for this reason, vascularization plays a significant role in bone tissue engineering. However,there is not a golden standard strategy of vascularization at present. Scaffold materials, cells and growth factors still are three indispensable elements in tissue engineering, and are cardinal points of the promoting vascularization strategies. Multiple growth factors or multiple cells combined with scaffolds, which are hot spots, have obtained excellent vascularization. This review focused on the comprehensive strategies for promoting the successful vascularization of tissue engineered scaffolds.
Bone and Bones ; blood supply ; Humans ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Tissue Engineering ; methods ; Tissue Scaffolds

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the therapeutic effect of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) gene modified tissue engineering bone (GMB) combined with vascularized periosteum in the reconstruction of segmental bone defect.

METHODSAdenovirus carrying BMP-2 gene (Ad-BMP-2) was transfected into the isolated and cultured rabbit bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs). The transfected MSCs were seeded on bovine cancellous bone scaffolds (BCB) to construct gene modified tissue engineering bone (GMB). The bilateral rabbits radial defects (2.5 cm long) were created as animal model. The rabbits were divided into five groups to reconstruct the defects with CMB combined with vascularized periosteum (group A); or GMB combined with vascular bundle implantation (group B); or GMB combined with free periosteum (group C); or GMB only (group D); or BCB scaffolds only (group E). Angiogenesis and osteogenesis were observed by X-ray, histological examination, biomechanical analysis and capillary ink infusion.

RESULTSIn group A, the grafted GMB was revascularized rapidly. The defect was completely reconstructed at 8 weeks. The mechanism included both intramemerbrane and endochondral ossification. In group B, the vascular bundle generated new blood vessels into the grafted GMB, but the osteogenesis process was slow in the central zone, which healed completely at 12 weeks. In group C, the free graft of periosteum took at 4 weeks with angiogenesis. The thin extremal callus was formed at 8 weeks and the repairing process almost finished at 12 weeks. Better osteogenesis was found in group D than in group E, due to the present of BMP2 gene-transfected MSCs. The defects in group D were partial repaired at 12 weeks with remaining central malunion zone. The defects in group E should nonunion at 12 weeks with only fibre tissue.

CONCLUSIONSBMP-2 gene modified tissue engineering bone combined with vascularized periosteum which provides periosteum osteoblasts as well as blood supply, has favorable ability of osteogenesis, osteoinduction and osteoconduction. It is an ideal method for the treatment of segmental bone defect.

Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; genetics ; Bone Regeneration ; Bone Substitutes ; Bone Transplantation ; methods ; Bone and Bones ; pathology ; Cattle ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Periosteum ; blood supply ; transplantation ; Rabbits ; Surgical Flaps ; blood supply ; Tissue Engineering ; methods ; Tissue Scaffolds ; Transfection

Repair of skeletal defects with vascularized bone grafts has many advantages over non-vascularized free grafts, but the availability of these grafts is extremely limited. This study was designed to determine whether new vascularized bone could be engineered by transplantation of osteoblasts around existing vascular pedicles using biodegradable, synthetic polymer as a cell delivery vehicle. Cells were isolated from the periosteum of fetal bovine humerus, and then seeded onto non-woven multifilament, polyglycolic acid polymer. The polymers provided three dimensional support during in vitro culture. The cell-polymer constructs were maintained in vitro for two weeks and then implanted around the right femoral vessels of twelve athymic nude rats. The polymer templates without the cells were implanted around left femoral vessels of each mouse as a control. Twelve rats were sacrificed at the following intervals: three rats at six, and nine rats at nine weeks. New bone formation was evident in 10 out of the 12 periosteal-derived cell seeded implants. At six weeks, the tissue was primarily composed of what appeared both grossly and histologically to be cartilage enveloping small islands of osteoid. The degree of osteoid and bone formation progressed with time, as blood vessels invaded the tissue. This tissue ultimately underwent morphogenesis to become an organized trabeculated bone with a vascular pedicle. We believe that this technique may prove to be useful in the reconstruction of bony defect.
Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Bone and Bones/*blood supply/cytology ; Cattle ; Cells, Cultured ; Implants, Experimental ; Osteoblasts/*cytology ; Osteogenesis ; *Polyglycolic Acid ; Time Factors ; Tissue Engineering/*methods

OBJECTIVETo make a comparative study of duplex ultrasonography (DU) and internal pudendal arteriogram (IPA) in the diagnosis of trauma-associated arteriogenic erectile dysfunction (ED).

METHODSSeven patients suffering from arteriogenic erectile dysfunction caused by pelvic fracture trauma underwent comprehensive history inquiries and physical examinations by duplex ultrasonography and internal pudendal arteriogram, which ruled out neurogenic erectile dysfunction.

RESULTSDU suggested penile artery blood flow injury, and IPA indicated artery injury in all the cases, including left internal pudendal artery injury, right or left common penile artery injury and bilateral common penile artery injury.

CONCLUSIONTrauma-associated arteriogenic erectile dysfunction may result from common penile artery injury and internal pudendal artery injury. DU is proved valuable for evaluating hemodynamic abnormalities of cavernous artery flow, and IPA useful in locating common penile artery and internal pudendal artery injury. DU can be used as the first line diagnostic means to define trauma-associated arteriogenic ED.

Adult ; Angiography ; methods ; Arteries ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; Erectile Dysfunction ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology ; Fractures, Bone ; complications ; Humans ; Male ; Pelvic Bones ; injuries ; Penis ; blood supply ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex ; methods

Fracture Fixation ; Fractures, Bone ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; surgery ; therapy ; Humans ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Pelvic Bones ; blood supply ; injuries ; surgery ; Precision Medicine ; Time Factors

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Fractures, Bone ; complications ; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pelvic Bones ; blood supply ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; Radiography ; Venous Thrombosis ; diagnostic imaging ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Young Adult