OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility of using marrow stromal osteoblast (MSO) as bone derived cell and using cancellous bone matrix (CBM) as scaffold for bone tissue engineering, the subcutaneous osteogenesis of MSO-CBM compound artificial bone (MCCAB) was observed in the experiment.

METHODSThe marrow stromal cells of adult New Zealand rabbits cultivated and induced in vitro were used to form MCCAB by mixing, seeding and solidifying methods assisted by alginate. The MCCABs were auto-transplanted subcutaneously into the rabbits for 4 to 8 weeks. The alginate-cancellous bone matrix composites or the cancellous bone matrix alone were implanted as control. The effectiveness of bone formation was assessed by means of roentgenography, histology and computerized histomorphometry.

RESULTSThe osteogenesis of MCCABs was better than that of the alginate-cancellous bone matrix composites and of the cancellous bone matrixes. In the MCCABs, both intramembranous and cartilaginous osteogeneses were seen but the former was obvious. In the control, only slight cartilaginous osteogeneses were seen.

CONCLUSIONSThe osteogeneses of the MCCABs constructed by using tissue engineering method were obvious when transplanted subcutaneously. The MSO and CBM can be used as good bone-derived cell and scaffold material respectively for tissue-engineered bone construction.

Animals ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Bone Matrix ; transplantation ; Bone Transplantation ; methods ; Male ; Osteoblasts ; transplantation ; Osteogenesis ; Rabbits ; Tissue Engineering

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of the Freeze Dried Bone Allograft and Demineralized Bone Matrix on osseous regeneration in the rat calvarial defects. METHODS: Eight mm critical-sized calvarial defects were created in the 80 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 20 animals each. The defects were treated with Freeze Dried Bone Allograft(SureOss(TM)), Demineralized Bone Matrix(ExFuse(TM)Gel, ExFuse(TM)Putty), or were left untreated for sham-surgery control and were evaluated by histologic and histomorphometric parameters following a 2 and 8 week healing intervals. Statistical analysis was done between each groups and time intervals with ANOVA and paired t-test. RESULTS: Defect closure, New bone area, Augmented area in the SureOss(TM), ExFuse(TM) Gel, ExFuse(TM) Putty groups were significantly greater than in the sham-surgery control group at each healing interval(P<0.05). In the New bone area and Defect closure, there were no significant difference between experimental groups. Augmented area in the ExFuse(TM) Gel, ExFuse(TM) Putty groups were significantly greater than SureOss(TM) group at 2weeks(P<0.05), however there was no significant difference at 8 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: All of SureOss(TM), ExFuse(TM) Gel, ExFuse(TM) Putty groups showed significant new bone formation and augmentation in the calvarial defect model.
Alveolar Bone Loss ; Animals ; Bone Matrix ; Bone Regeneration ; Bone Transplantation ; Humans ; Male ; Osteogenesis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Regeneration ; Transplantation, Homologous

PURPOSE: The purpose of this case series was to evaluate the effect of guided bone regeneration using demineralized allogenic bone matrix with calcium sulfate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Guided bone regeneration using Demineralized Allogenic Bone Matrix with Calcium Sulfate (AlloMatrix(TM), Wright. USA) was performed at the time of implant placement from February 2010 to April 2010. At the time of the second surgery, clinical evaluation of bone healing and histologic evaluation were performed. The study included 10 patients, and 23 implants were placed. The extent of bony defects around implants was determined by measuring the horizontal and vertical bone defects using a periodontal probe from the mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual sides and calculating the mean and standard deviation of these measurements. Wedge-shaped tissue samples were obtained from 3 patients and histologic examination was performed. RESULTS: In clinical evaluation, it was observed that horizontal bone defects were completely healed with new bones, and in the vertical bone defect area, 15.1% of the original defect area remained. In 3 patients, histological tests were performed, and 16.7-41.7% new bone formation was confirmed. Bone graft materials slowly underwent resorption over time. CONCLUSION: AlloMatrix(TM) is an allograft material that can be readily manipulated. It does not require the use of barrier membranes, and good bone regeneration can be achieved with time.
Bone Matrix ; Bone Regeneration ; Calcium ; Calcium Sulfate ; Humans ; Membranes ; Osteogenesis ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Transplants

STUDY DESIGN: Reviews were conducted. OBJECTIVES: This article is a review of the properties of the various bone grafting materials currently available and includes discussion of their efficacy in clinical practice. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Bone grafting is frequently performed in spinal surgery to achieve fusion. Autograft is the gold standard bone graft material. However, due to limitations of supply and morbidity associated with the harvest of autograft, alternatives are being considered. METHODS: The available literature was reviewed. RESULTS: Synthetic bone graft substitutes consist of hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, or a combination of these minerals. All synthetic porous substitutes share numerous advantages over autografts and allografts including their unlimited supply, easy sterilization, and easy storage. However, they do confer some disadvantages such as brittle handling properties, variable rates of resorption, and poor performance in some clinical conditions. Recent attention has been focused on osteoinductive materials such as demineralized bone matrix, recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins, and blood product concentrates. The primary categories of substitute include bone growth factors. Clinical trials are under way, and pre-clinical studies have reported promising results for generating bone. CONCLUSIONS: Despite tremendous efforts toward developing autograft alternatives, a single ideal bone graft substitute has not been developed. The number of clinical studies and direct-comparison studies between these products is limited. The surgeon should understand the properties of each bone graft substitute, to facilitate appropriate selection in each specific clinical situation.
Bone Development ; Bone Matrix ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ; Bone Substitutes ; Bone Transplantation ; Calcium Phosphates ; Calcium Sulfate ; Durapatite ; Handling (Psychology) ; Minerals ; Sterilization ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Transplants

To evaluate the biological safety of collagen-based bone repairing material, we implanted the sample or reference substance into rats, and observed relative signs, including the specific inspection targets in animals, blood examination, analysis of immune organ, the pathological examination of organs and tissues, NK cell killing activity assay, lymphocyte group analysis, serum IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha detection, detection of immune globulin. Meanwhile, we set control group, sham group, and immunosuppression group. The final results showed that there was no abnormal mental state before and after the experiment. Compared with the control group, the tested group indicated no significant difference in blood test, immune organ analysis, the pathological examination of organs and tissues, NK cell killing activity assay, lymphocyte subset analysis serum IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alphadetection, and detection of immune globulin. Collagen-based bone repairing material produced a slight and transient stimulation on the rats, but created no significant inflammatory responses.
Absorbable Implants ; Animals ; Bone Matrix ; physiology ; transplantation ; Bone Regeneration ; Bone Substitutes ; Collagen ; chemistry ; Implants, Experimental ; Materials Testing ; Prostheses and Implants ; Rats

PURPOSE: Alveolar bone grafting has become an essential process in the treatment of alveolar cleft patient for stabilization of the maxillary arch, elimination of oronasal fistula, the reconstruction of the soft tissue nasal base support, and creation of bony support for tooth eruption for implant. The use of Autologous iliac cancellous bone is preferable because it enables to use adequate quantity and its high osteoinductive potential. However, even with iliac bone, insufficient osteoregeneration or absorption occurs due to several factors such as the patient's age, cleft width, functional stress, and others. In order to increase osteoregeneration where the iliac bone is placed, the present study is associated with bone marrow aspirate(BMA).The experimental study evaluated the efficacy of osteoregeneration in normal cleft rabbits when alveolar bone grafting was performed with autologous iliac corticocancellous bone. METHODS: Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits were divided randomly into 2 groups(BMA, control). All animals underwent harvesting of corticocancellous bone graft from the right posterior iliac crest via standard surgical technique. 1mL of BMA were obtained by scraping the needle and aspirate with 10mL syringe from the contralateral iliac bone wall. The muco-periosteal flap on the palate was elevated. A mixture of Equal bone's volumes with BMA and saline as its control was inserted into the cleft. Animals were sacrificed in 2, 4, and 8 weeks and maxilla was harvested for dental peri-apical X-ray, bone matrix density (BMD), and histologic analysis. RESULTS: BMD of regenerated bone to the cleft in the rabbits was higher than that of the control rabbits. X-ray, histologic analysis showed that increased osteoregeneration and low absorption rate were observed in the BMA group. CONCLUSION: Our experimental study shows BMA enhanced the osteoregeneration and survival rate of alveolar bone grafting. BMA is easy to extract and cost-time effective. So it can be an effective enhancers for bone grafting mixtures.
Absorption ; Animals ; Bone Marrow ; Bone Matrix ; Bone Transplantation ; Fistula ; Humans ; Maxilla ; Needles ; Palate ; Rabbits ; Survival Rate ; Syringes ; Tooth Eruption ; Transplants

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. PURPOSE: We investigated normative temporal levels of white blood cell (WBC) and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) in uncomplicated anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using allograft and demineralized bone matrix (DBM). OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: No study has investigated the diagnostic usefulness of WBC and ANC for postoperative infection following ACDF using allograft and DBM. METHODS: Blood samples of 85 patients, who underwent one or two-level ACDF, were obtained and evaluated before surgery and on the first, third, fifth, seventh, fourteenth, thirtieth, and ninetieth postoperative days. No infection was found in all patients for at least one year follow-up period. RESULTS: Mean WBC and ANC values increased significantly and reached peak levels on the first postoperative day. The peaked levels rapidly decreased but still remained elevated above the preoperative levels on the third postoperative day. The levels returned close to the preoperative levels on the fifth postoperative day. The mean WBC and ANC values did not get out of their normal reference ranges throughout the follow-up periods. One-level and two-level ACDF exhibited a similar course of postoperative changes in WBC and ANC values and no significant difference in mean levels of WBC and ANC throughout the follow-up periods. CONCLUSIONS: Uncomplicated ACDF using allograft and DBM showed normal values of WBC and ANC during the early postoperative period. Therefore, significant abnormal values of WBC and ANC at an early postoperative period suggest the possibility of the development of acute postoperative infection after ACDF using allograft and DBM.
Bone Matrix ; Diskectomy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Leukocytes ; Neutrophils ; Postoperative Period ; Prospective Studies ; Transplantation, Homologous

OBJECTIVETo evaluate application of the sponge of demineralized bone matrix (SDBM) in tissue engineering of bone.

METHODSSDBM was prepared from long bone of rabbits. Bone marrow cells were flushed from the bone shaft of femurs of a two-month-old New Zealand white rabbit. After the cells were cultured for 9 days, the flasks were added into dexamethasone (10(-8) mol/L), beta-glycerophosphate sodium (10 mmol/L) and L-ascorbic acid (50 micrograms/ml). After 5 weeks, the cultured cells were collected and marked by 5-Bromo-2'-dexyouridine (BrdU). The grand sum of cells seeded on a piece of SDBM was about (4-6) x 10(6). The composites of cells and SDBM (tissue engineered chip, TEC) were implanted into muscles and bone defects of radius in rabbits. A standard procedure was applied to make a 10 mm long defect bilaterally in the radius of nine skeletally mature male New Zealand white rabbits. All of the 18 defects were randomly divided into three groups: group I, six defects were grafted by TEC; group II, six defects were grafted with SDBM alone; group III, six defects were empty.

RESULTSThe results of radiographic and histological evaluation showed that all of the defects were repaired in group I and group II at 6 weeks, none of the defects was repaired in group III. The results of BrdU staining showed that the staining was positive in group I, but negative in group II. Biomechanical test showed that the compressive ultimate strength (CUS) of new bone in TEC implanted group was comparable with normal radius (P = 0.623) and in SDBM implanted group was significant lower than normal radius (P = 0.038).

CONCLUSIONSThe TEC can form cartilage and bone tissue in muscles and repair segmental bone defects. SDBM is a kind of effective natural scaffold in tissue engineering of bone.

Animals ; Bone Demineralization Technique ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Bone Matrix ; Implants, Experimental ; Male ; Rabbits ; Radius Fractures ; surgery ; Random Allocation ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; Tissue Engineering

OBJECTIVETo investigate osteogenesis and integration of osteointergrated dental implants with marrow stromal osteoblast and cancellous bone matrix compound artificial bone (MCCAB) when embedded subcutaneously.

METHODSOsteointergrated dental implants (3 mm in diameter) were inserted into cancellous bone matrix (CBM) columns (5 mm in diameter). Marrow stromal osteoblast (MSO) were cultured and expanded in the column and on the surface. The osteointergrated dental implants loaded MSO-Alginate-CBM compound was formatted. This compound was then implanted subcutaneously in nude mice, and the osteointergrated dental implants loaded Alginate-CBM compounds were implanted as control. The compound was in the mice for 4 to 8 weeks and then harvested and assessed by means of gross observation, X-ray examination, histologic observation and computerized histomorphometry for evaluation of bone formation.

RESULTSThe osteogenesis of the osteointergrated dental implants loaded MSO-Alginate-CBM compound was better than that of the the osteointergrated dental implants loaded Alginate-CBM compound. Both intramembranous and cartilaginous osteogenesis was seen but the former was predominant. A large amount of new bone formed around the implant and integrated well with the implant. In the control, only slight cartilage osteogenesis was seen and no integration was found.

CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that the new bone forms in the scaffolds and on the surface of the implant, and integration between the implant and artificial bone also occurs when they are implanted in the nude mice.

Animals ; Bone Matrix ; transplantation ; Bone Substitutes ; Cells, Cultured ; Dental Implantation, Endosseous ; methods ; Dental Implants ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Osseointegration ; physiology ; Osteoblasts ; transplantation ; Osteogenesis ; physiology ; Rabbits ; Tissue Engineering

OBJECTIVETo analyse retrospectively 3-tunnels core decompression with implantation of bone marrow stromal cells(bMSCs) and decalcified bone matrix (DBM) for treatment of femoral head necrosis in early stages, and to study its therapeutic results and indications.

METHODSAccording to the University of Pennsyvania system of classification and staging,to treat the patients with 3-tunnels core decompression with implantation of bone marrow stromal cells (bMSCs) and decalcified bone matrix (DBM) for treatment of early femoral head necrosis. Among the total 87 patients (103 hips), the male was 71 (86 hips) and the female 16 (17 hips) with the average age of 47 years old. The average course of disease was 1.3 year. The effect was evaluated by the clinical symptoms, the Harris' scores and the manifestations of radiology before and after operation.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up more than 2 years (average 26 months). The average Harris' scores increased from preoperation 47.3 to postoperation 74.0. The average rate of excellent and good results was 75.7%. The rate of excellent and good was 88% (22/25) in type I, 78.7% (37/47) in type II and 61.3% (19/31) in type III. No severe complications were observed.

CONCLUSIONThree-tunnels core decompression with implantation of bMSCs and DBM not only removal the focus of disease, but also use DBM the induction of bone and autologous hone marrow stem cells to differentiate the functions of the femoral head can be resumed loading structure, eliminate pain,improve joint function. It is an effective method for early femoral head necrosis.

Adult ; Aged ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Bone Matrix ; transplantation ; Decompression, Surgical ; Female ; Femur Head Necrosis ; surgery ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Transplantation, Autologous