Bone Density ; physiology ; Bone Development ; physiology ; Bone and Bones ; diagnostic imaging ; Child ; Humans ; Nutrition Assessment ; Ultrasonography

Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Bone Development ; Bone Remodeling ; Bone and Bones ; injuries ; Fracture Healing ; physiology ; Fractures, Bone ; pathology

Faltering linear growth is commonly encountered in children with intestinal inflammation. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are important regulators of postnatal longitudinal bone growth. Inhibition of GH/IGF axis will result in growth failure in young children. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) abnormally increase in children with intestinal inflammation, and may affect linear growth both systemically and locally at the level of the growth plate though disturbing the GH/IGF axis.
Bone Development ; Cytokines ; physiology ; Enteritis ; complications ; Growth Disorders ; etiology ; Human Growth Hormone ; physiology ; Humans ; Somatomedins ; physiology

Bone is an active tissue in which the processes of remodeling are continuous to ensure normal bone integrity and strength. Steroids play an important role in regulating bone growth, development and remodeling. Glucocorticoids excess will induce bone damages especially osteoporosis. Otherwise, estrogen and androgen are bone protective steroids in both female and male. To develop a new selective steroid receptor modulator is one of the targets in future study to treat osteoporosis.
Adult ; Androgens ; physiology ; Bone Development ; Bone Remodeling ; Estrogens ; physiology ; Female ; Glucocorticoids ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteogenesis ; Osteoporosis ; prevention & control

After the articular cartilage injury, the metabolic level is increased during the progressive degeneration, the chondrocytes secrete a variety of inflammatory factors, and the original cell phenotype is gradually changed. For a long time, a large number of researchers have done a lot of researches to promote anabolism of chondrocytes and to maintain the stability of chondrocyte phenotype. There are many molecular signaling pathways involved in the process of promoting cartilage repair. This review focuses on the key signaling molecules in articular cartilage repair, such as transforming growth factor-beta and bone morphogenetic protein, and reveals their roles in the process of cartilage injury and repair, so that researchers in related fields can understand the molecular mechanism of cartilage injury and repair widely and deeply. Based on this, they may find promising targets and biological methods for the treatment of cartilage injury.
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ; physiology ; Cartilage, Articular ; growth & development ; injuries ; Chondrocytes ; physiology ; Humans ; Regeneration ; Signal Transduction ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; physiology

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family is an important factor in the regulation of cell ular life activities and in the development of almost all tissues. BMP-mediated signaling plays an important role in tooth root development, which is a part of tooth development. Epithelial and mesenchymal interactions are involved in tooth root development, but the BMP signaling pathway has a different effect on tooth root development in epithelial and mesenchymal. This review summarizes the advances of BMP signaling in tooth root development.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ; physiology ; Odontogenesis ; Signal Transduction ; Tooth ; Tooth Root ; growth & development

Aging/*physiology ; *Biocompatible Materials ; Bone Regeneration/physiology ; Bone Remodeling/physiology ; Facial Bones/physiopathology ; Facial Bones/*surgery ; Maxillofacial Development/*physiology ; *Prostheses and Implants

OBJECTIVE: To realize the automated assessment of the levels of epiphysis of distal radius and ulna by support vector machine (SVM). METHODS: The X-ray films of the left wrist joints were taken from 140 teenagers aged from 11 to 19 years old as training samples. The levels of epiphysis of distal radius and ulna were divided into five developmental levels. Each level contained 28 samples. Another 35 cases were selected as independent verifying samples. SVM classification models of the five developmental levels of epiphysis of distal radius and ulna were established. The internal cross validation was made by leave one out cross validation (LOOCV), while the external validation was made by histogram of oriented gradient (HOG), and then the accuracy (PA) of testing results was calculated, respectively. RESULTS: The PA of SVM, LOOCV and HOG of distal radius epiphyseal level were 100%, 78.6%, and 82.8%, respectively; whereas the PA of SVM, LOOCV and HOG of distal ulna epiphyseal level were 100.0%, 80.0% and 88.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION The SVM-based automatic models of the growth stage of distal ra- dius and ulna appear to have certain feasibility, and may provide a foundation for software development of bone age assessment by forensic medicine.
Adolescent ; Bone Development/physiology* ; Child ; Epiphyses/growth & development* ; Female ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods* ; Male ; Radius/growth & development* ; Support Vector Machine ; Ulna/growth & development* ; Wrist/growth & development* ; Wrist Joint/growth & development* ; Young Adult

Human alveolar bone cells were isolated from alveolar bone fragments obtained from normal individual undergoing third molar extractions. Alveolar bone fragments were cultured as explant. Cells began to migrate in the first 5~7 day and were confluent in 5~7 week. Matrix mineralization was observed by 4 week. Our studies utilize established protocols for the characterization of these cells as osteoblasts by means of alkaline phosphatase activity determination, identification of osteocalcin antigens, establishing the presence of cells expressing type I collagen and determining the ability of cells to produce calcification. Transmission electron microscopic observations confirmed the presence of a collagen matrix undergoing a mineralization process. This new model, using human alveolar bone cells, may provide a tool to investigate alveolar bone development and physiology and to set up new therapeutic approaches.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Bone Development ; Collagen ; Collagen Type I ; Humans* ; Molar, Third ; Osteoblasts ; Osteocalcin ; Physiology

OBJECTIVEQuantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a new method of evaluating Children's bone status, including bone mineral density and bone strength. The bone nutrition during fetal and early neonatal period is very important for the human bone development of whole life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical application of QUS for newborn infants and to obtain the QUS data for normal neonates including premature infants.

METHODSAn ultrasound bone sonometer, Omnisense, produced by Sunlight company of Israel, was applied to measure the bone speed of sound (SOS) of tibia in 157 neonates including 68 premature infants in the first week of life.

RESULTS(1) No significant difference in SOS was found between male (n = 88, SOS = 2968 +/- 115 m/s) and female infants (n = 69, SOS = 2956 +/- 105 m/s) (P = 0.524). The SOS of premature infants (n = 68, mean gestational age 33.0 +/- 2.5 weeks) and full-term infants (n = 89, mean gestational age of 39.4 +/- 1.3 weeks) were 2935 +/- 96 m/s and 2984 +/- 116 m/s, respectively, at birth and there was significant difference between them (P = 0.005). (2) There were significant differences of SOS in neonates who were born in different seasons (F = 4.377, P = 0.005); the significant difference remained (F = 3.933, P = 0.010) after the influences of gestational age and birth weight were eliminated. The SOS in neonates born in spring (March, April and May) and summer (June, July and August) were significantly lower than that of those born in autumn (September, October and November) and winter (December, January and February). The SOS in neonates born in summer was about 2.3% (75/2999) was lower than that of those born in winter. (3) Significant difference of SOS was observed between neonates with different birth weight [< 1500 g (n = 11), SOS = 2968 +/- 115 m/s; and > 2500 g (n = 86), SOS = 2980 +/- 113 m/s; P = 0.042]. (4) Significant correlations were found between SOS and gestational age (r = 0.270, P = 0.005), and between bone SOS and birth weight (r = 0.232, P = 0.015) in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants (n = 109); however, no such significant correlations were found in small for gestational age (SGA) infants or large for gestational age (LGA) infants. Multiple regression analysis showed that gestational age and the birth season were two important factors which may contribute to bone SOS of neonates at birth (n = 157, F = 8.515, P < 0.001, adjusted R(2) = 0.141), when the analysis was carried out with SOS as dependent variable and gestational age, birth weight, chronological age, calf length and the birth season as independent variables.

CONCLUSIONQUS is a new method which is suitable for evaluating the bone status of neonates and it is free of radiation, non-invasive, the machine is portable and easy to manipulate at infant bed side. The present study suggests the need for particular care for the bone status in premature infants and supplement of vitamin D in pregnant women.

Bone Density ; Bone Development ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Regression Analysis ; Tibia ; diagnostic imaging ; Ultrasonography