PURPOSE: To report a case of a young man with nonspecific normal retinal vessels found in foveal avascular zone. METHODS: We experienced a 20-year-old man with decreased visual acuity of left eye. In anterior segment there was no abnormality, but there were unusual vessels in foveal avascular zone that appeared to be normal vessels. RESULTS: In fluorescein angiography, dye was exhibited on the vessel of foveal avascular zone in 14-15 sec after injection, and there were no leaking or abnormal findings. CONCLUSIONS: Normal retinal vasculature in foveal avascular zone is known to be an extremely unusual case in normal adult, and it is to report a case with review of available papers.
Adult ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Retinal Vessels* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Visual Acuity ; Young Adult

Several studies have reported on catatonia caused by the use of antipsychotic drugs and on the association between catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), but none has reported such a case in Korea. Here, we report the case of a 20-year-old woman whose catatonia and NMS appeared associated with the administration of an atypical antipsychotic drug. We discuss the association between NMS and catatonia due to neuroleptic use.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Catatonia ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: We studied the effect of LASIK and LASEK for correction of myopic astigmatism and the clinical results in relation to preoperative astigmatism and operative methods. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the results of 176 eyes of 97 patients in the LASIK group and of 56 eyes of 29 patients in the LASEK group. All patients had undergone LASIK or LASEK for correction of myopic astigmatism with MEL-70TM (Aesculap-Meditec, Jena, Germany). Patients were divided into groups I (or=3.00D) according to preoperative astigmatism, and into groups A (LASIK) and B (LASEK) according to operative method. Each patient was followed up for over 6 months with measurements of uncorrected visual acuity, manifested refraction, and spherical equivalent at 1, 3, and 6 months after operation. RESULTS: In groups IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVA, and IVB, preoperative cylindrical errors were 0.56 +/- 0.17D, 0.61 +/- 0.13D, 1.27 +/- 0.28D, 1.24 +/- 0.21D, 2.18 +/- 0.25D, 2.10 +/- 0.25D, 3.39 +/- 0.66D, and 3.50 +/- 0.61D, and postoperative 6-month astigmatism measurements were 0.33 +/- 0.49D, 0.34 +/- 0.36D, 0.28 +/- 0.30D, 0.63 +/- 0.44D, 0.48 +/- 0.42D, 0.44 +/- 0.57D, 0.86 +/- 0.42D, and 1.00 +/- 0.78D, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The correction of myopic astigmatism in LASEK was less effective than in LASIK at early postoperative periods, but they showed similar effect on the correction of astigmatism at 6 months after surgery, especially in the group with medium to low grade of astigmatism.
Astigmatism* ; Humans ; Keratectomy, Subepithelial, Laser-Assisted* ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ* ; Postoperative Period ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

This study was attempted to observe the possible effects of open chest and the decubitus position on blood gas values during controlled ventilation. We used a volume-type ventilator to maintain regular tidal volume throughout the operation. A total of 51 cases which underwent open chest surgery between 1979 and 1981 in Department of Anesthesiology in Kyungpook National University Hospital were selected. PaO2, PaCO2, pH and MAP were measured at ten minutes after induction (control group), decubitus position (ducubitus group) and chest was opened(open chest group). The PaCO2 value in open chest and decubitus group revealed a tendency of elevation compared with the control group. The PaCO2 value in open chest revealed no remarkable change compared with the control group. The pH in open chest and decubitus group showed a tendency to increase compared with the control group. The MAP showed a tendency to decrease in open chest & decubitus groups and decreased gradually. From the above results, MAP showed a gradual decrease but the increase of pH and PaO2 suggested the inclination of respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation during volume controlled ventilation anesthesia.
Alkalosis, Respiratory ; Anesthesia* ; Anesthesiology ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hyperventilation ; Thorax* ; Tidal Volume ; Ventilation* ; Ventilators, Mechanical

No abstract available.
Mouth Neoplasms

Background and Objectives: The olfactory fossa is an important anatomical structure to prevent surgical complications such as skull base injury and meningitis. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a difference in lateral lamella length (LLL) between the left and right sides, a topic that has been studied rarely in Korea. Subjects and Method: We analyzed 592 left and right sides of 296 PNS CTs. We measured LLL as the distance between the fovea ethmoidalis and the horizontal cribriform plate in the olfactory fossa of the coronal surface where the crista galli was observed. Results: The average LLL on the left side was significantly longer than that on the right. Age and LLL showed a negative correlation. Multiple regression analysis revealed younger age and left side as independent variables for predicting increasing LLL. Conclusion There was a significant difference between the two sides of LLL on sinus CT in Koreans. Before sinus surgery, the asymmetry of the ethmoid roof must be assessed, even by skilled doctors. If the height of the ethmoid roof is asymmetric, extra care is required during sinus surgery.

Background and Objectives: The olfactory fossa is an important anatomical structure to prevent surgical complications such as skull base injury and meningitis. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a difference in lateral lamella length (LLL) between the left and right sides, a topic that has been studied rarely in Korea. Subjects and Method: We analyzed 592 left and right sides of 296 PNS CTs. We measured LLL as the distance between the fovea ethmoidalis and the horizontal cribriform plate in the olfactory fossa of the coronal surface where the crista galli was observed. Results: The average LLL on the left side was significantly longer than that on the right. Age and LLL showed a negative correlation. Multiple regression analysis revealed younger age and left side as independent variables for predicting increasing LLL. Conclusion There was a significant difference between the two sides of LLL on sinus CT in Koreans. Before sinus surgery, the asymmetry of the ethmoid roof must be assessed, even by skilled doctors. If the height of the ethmoid roof is asymmetric, extra care is required during sinus surgery.

Background and Objectives: The leakage of cerebrospinal fluid due to damage to the ethmoid roof and cribriform plate (CP) is one of the most serious complications of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). For the risk of skull base injury during ESS, the Keros classification has been widely used, but recently the Gera classification has been introduced as a tool for risk assessment. This study evaluated the risk of skull base damage using the Gera classification in Koreans.Subjects and Method We analyzed 592 left and right sides of 296 paranasal sinus CTs, and measure the angle between the lateral lamella of CP and the lateral extension of the horizontal plane passing through CP, namely the Gera angle. The angles were classified into three categories: the type I (>80°, low risk), type II (45° to 80°, medium risk), and type III (<45°, high risk). Results: The type III, which is vulnerable to skull base damage, accounted for 11.7% of the study subjects. The Gera angle in females (64.0°±12.3°) was greater than that in males (61.3°± 14.0°), showing a significant gender difference (p=0.015). Although there was no difference between the left and the right side of the Gera angle (p=0.155), there was a significant difference between the left and the right side in the Gera classification (p<0.001). Age and the Gera angle showed a negative correlation (r=-0.116, p=0.005). Conclusion The type III of the Gera classification was observed in 11.7% of the total study group. For the type III, extra care is required during ESS.

Background and Objectives: The maxillary sinus disease is mainly treated through the middle meatal antrostomy, but there is a disadvantage in that it does not approach the lesions of the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus. On the other hand, the prelacrimal recess approach (PLA) can be used to access the lesions of the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus. However, complications after PLA may include nasal bleeding, infection, epiphora, and neurological symptoms. We investigated the possibility of neurological morbidity (anterior superior alveolar nerve injury) after PLA by imaging.Subjects and Method A total of 253 people were studied by using 506 samples of paranasal sinus CT. According to the Simmen and Arosio methods, the study groups were classified into the following categories: PLA type I (<3 mm), type II (3-7 mm), and type III (>7 mm), internal angle of pyriform notch (IAPN), type A (below 45°), type B (from 45° to 60°), and type C (60° excessive). Results: Of the PLA types, the IAPN value was the largest in the type III and smallest in the type I, and there were significant differences among the three groups (p<0.001). Conclusion CT Evaluation prior to PLA would help physicians to predict the likelihood of neurological morbidity such as maxillary sensory abnormalities.

Background and Objectives: Endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) is indicated after the failure of standard endoscopic sinus surgery techniques to alleviate frontal sinus disease. Three parameters, such as nasal beak thickness (NBT), accessible dimension of frontal recess (AD), and distance of frontal sinus (DFS), are important in the preoperative evaluation and selection of patients for EMLP. The purpose of this study is to apply the parameters to determine the feasibility of EMLP for the Korean population.Subjects and Method Sinus CT was performed on a total of 233 people, and a study was conducted using 466 bilateral sides with the following parameters: 1) NBT 2) the distance from the posterior margin of nasal beak to the anterior margin of skull base (DNBSB) 3) the right and left AD and 4) the right and left DFS. If the values of NBT, AD, and DFS of the study group were less than 10 mm, greater than 5 mm and 7 mm, respectively, they were considered candidates for the EMLP. Results: DNBSB, NBT, AD, and DFS were 6.97±1.96 mm, 7.01±1.58 mm, 7.16±2.40 mm, and 9.47±2.91 mm, respectively. Parameters except DNBSB showed significant differences in male and female. The feasibility of EMLP was 75.36% for male and 57.89% for female, with 68.24% overall. Conclusion The overall feasibility of EMLP was 68.24% for the study group, where feasibility was lower for female than for male.