Ectopic lacrimal gland denotes a lacrimal gland which is located anywhere other than its normal site, lacrimal fossa, and it can occur in places like conjunctiva, cornea, lid, nasal mucosa, and orbit. It is a rare congenital anomaly and needs to be differentiated form other tumors. The literature contains few reports of ectopic lacrimal gland. We experienced a case of a 28-year-old Korean man who presented with an ectopic lacrimal gland with duct at temporal aspect of bulbar conjunctiva. The glandular tissue was excised and was histopathologically confirmed as such. We report it with reviews of the literature concerned.
Adult ; Conjunctiva ; Cornea ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus* ; Nasal Mucosa ; Orbit

Medication errors, resulting in risks to patient safety, occur throughout the entire medication use process, and include prescribing errors, dispensing errors, administering errors, and patient compliance errors. The results of many reports and studies on medication errors in several countries including the United States show that medication errors occur commonly, are costly and are often preventable. Medication errors involve a breakdown in more than one aspect of the medication use system such as lack of knowledge, standard performance and mental lapses, and defects or failure in the organizational system. Such medication errors compromise patient confidence in the healthcare system and increase healthcare costs. Hospitals must take a medication error prevention approach and also prepare various methods of managing medication errors once they have occurred. The necessity of a medication error reporting system should be emphasized. In Korea, with regard to medication errors, we have a long way to go. We have no documented data available on error rates, no published studies, and no error reporting system. In conclusion, medication errors are no longer a guarded, guilty-ridden professional secret in Korea. They should be considered problems in public healthcare policy. Therefore, we need to establish a medication error prevention and management system at the national level including a national error reporting system in the near future.
Delivery of Health Care ; Health Care Costs ; Humans ; Korea ; Medication Errors ; Patient Compliance ; Patient Safety ; United States

The CD8(+)CD28(+) T cells have known to mediate major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytolysis and to secret an HIV-1 inhibitory factor. As HIV infection lead to dramatic changes within the cellular immune system, the cellular cytotoxicities decrease in the duration of the HIV infection. To determine the importance of the cellular cytotoxicities in long-term nonprogression, we tried to compare CD28 expression on total T, CD4(+) T, and CD8(+) T cells as one of methods for cellular cytotoxicity measurements between long-term nonprogressor and normal person or between long-term nonprogressor and rapid progressor. The median percentages and counts of CD4(+) T cells of the norrnal, the long-term nonprogressor, and the rapid progressor groups were 39.9 and 0.96 * 10(9) cells/L, 24.6 and 0.58 * 10(9) cells/L, 9.9 and 0.15 * 10 cells/L, respectively. As a result of comparison of the cells having CD28 surface molecules on CD8(+) T cells in the long-term nonprogressor and the rapid progressor group, they showed over 5 times lower than that in the normal group. Especially, the long-term nonprogressor regarded to the healthy HIV-infected patient showed much lower CD28 expression on total T, CD4(+) T, and CD8(+) T cells than those of the normal person. The proportions of CD4'CD28 T and CD3CD28 T cell subsets showed the significant difference between the LTNP and the RP group. In conclusion, although HIV-infected patients were LTNPs having the steady CD4(+) T cell counts and no clinical symptoms, we suggested that HIV led to abnormality within the lymphocyte subsets such as the altered expression of CD28 molecules on various T cell subsets and this result would cause deficiency of host immune function and failure of control of HIV replication by anergy in T cell subsets.
Cell Count ; HIV ; HIV Infections ; HIV-1 ; Humans ; Immune System ; Lymphocyte Subsets ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets* ; T-Lymphocytes

1. Sixty five cases of the tumors in the eye and adnexa(one to 78 old age) were observed at the National Medical Center in Korea, between 1959 and 1961. Those are analyzed and studied from the clinical view point. 2. Fifty-two tumor cases were primary and thirteen cases were secondary. The most frequent malignant tumor was retinoblastoma(15 cases) in childhood group and cancers(11 cases) in older age group. The malignant melanoma case(1 case) was definitely few in number. 3. The most frequent origin was the eye ball(19 cases) and next the lid(12 cases). The secondary tumors camed mostly from paranasal sinuses(12 cases). 4. Among the clinical diagnostic methods, it is revealed that the X-ray tomography with air insufflation into the orbit was most reliable. 5. The visual disturbance, exophthalmos, displacement of the eye, and impaired ocular movement were the most frequently seen as the clinical symptoms and of value for diagnosis.
Diagnosis ; Exophthalmos ; Humans ; Insufflation ; Korea ; Melanoma ; Orbit ; Tomography, X-Ray

1. 110 cases of optic atrophy from 7 months to 67 years old, 82 bilateral with 28 unilateral involvement observed at the National Medical Center in Korea Between 1959 and 1961 were analyzed for etiologic factors which were which were also based on a a review of literature. 2. Of the 110 cases, the largest single cause of optic atrophy af all type was brain tumor(18 cases, 16.4%) with exogenous poisoning(11 cases, 10%) second in frequency. 3. Cases of atrophy due to tuberculous meningitis(10 cases, 9.1%) were found in the age group of one to 15 years as the most frequent cause in childhood. 4. The retrobulbar neuritis was one of the most frequent causes(9 cases, 8.2%) in the adult. Also the traumatism(8 cases, 7.3%) as to the prevalent acuses of post-war blindness. 5. A characteristically low incidence of syphilis (4 cases, 3.6% without congenital syphilis) as the cause of the optic atrophy is one of the subject to be evaluated in the future.
Adult ; Aged ; Atrophy ; Blindness ; Brain ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Optic Atrophy* ; Optic Neuritis ; Syphilis

Amblyopia and strabismus are common in eyes of prematurity and the need for early detection of amblyopia and amblyogenic factors is widely recognized. So, we performed refraction in premature infants at the 6 months of age to evaluate the incidence and degree of myopia and the changes of refractive errors according to the development, disease course and photocoagulation therapy of retinopathy of prematurity[ROP]. It is the purpose of this study to evaluate the effectiveness of MTI[medical Technology, Inc]photoscreener by comparing the sensitivity and specificity between refractive errors determined by manifest photorefraction and cycloplegic photorefraction in 6-month-old premature infants in Sung-Ae General Hospital. Pass or fail screening data from photograph of 32 non-dilated and dilated premature infant were calculated by two masked observers, compared with the results of cycloplegic retinoscopy, and the statical analysis was carried out. In the cases of cycloplegic photorefraction, Ten eyes of myopia, 4 eyes of emetropia, and 50 eyes of hyperopia were found, and 21 eyes of astigmatism above 1.5D were also detected. Overall statistical analysis of sensitivity and specificity rate were 71.7% and 69.5%in manifest photorefraction, 87.5% and of 75%in cycloplegic photorefraction, respectively. In non-cycloplegic photorefraction, sensitivity of myopia and hyperopia were 92.8%, 65%, but in cycloplegic photorefraction, sensitivity of myopia and hyperopia were 75%, 100%, respectively. The outcomes of our study suggest that MTI photoscreener in cycloplegic photorefraction was more reliable than non-cycloplegic photorefraction. Myopia under 1D turned to hyperopia in cycloplegic photorefraction, so the sensitivity of that was not to be reliable, but the sensitivity of hyperopia was high. Thus, the authors can readily recommand this cycloplegic photorefraction in uncooperable infants to evalute the refractive error conveniently.
Amblyopia ; Astigmatism ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Light Coagulation ; Masks ; Mass Screening ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors ; Retinoscopy ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Strabismus

PURPOSE: We report four cases of strabismus presenting after cataract surgery and review the previous reports. METHODS: We examined four cases with diplopia for three months or more following cataract surgery between March 2001 and February 2002 in our hospital. We reviewed our records to inquire the preoperative systemic and ophthalmologic exam included past and present medical history. Also, we performed the strabismus test such as prism and cover test, forced duction test, force generation test included CT scan, if necessary. RESULTS: Case 1, 2, 3 were performed by retrobulbar anesthesia. Case 1 showed left superior rectus muscle overaction, case 2 showed left inferior rectus muscle palsy, case 3 showed left inferior rectus muscle palsy and superior rectus muscle overaction. Case 4 showed irregular pattern of strabismus. In case 1, 2, 3, diplopia in primary position was improved after strabismus surgery. We have observed case 4 until the pattern of strabismus would be stable. CONCLUSIONS: After uneventful cataract surgery, persistent strabismus may be occurred. So the operator must explain the occurrence of strabismus to patient before surgery, and carefully perform pre and post operative strabismus test and retrobulbar anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; Cataract* ; Diplopia ; Humans ; Paralysis ; Strabismus* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Twenty two eyes of twelve infants with threshold or prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity were treated by using the Argon laser through an indirect ophthalmoscopic delivery system. Eyes that had persistent plus disease were retreated to the missed areas. Mean follow-up period was 8.1 months. 20 of 22 eyes were regressed and all of prethreshold ROP were regressed. Our results suggest that argon laser photocoagulation is as effective as cryotherapy in the treatment of ROP and excellent results can be obtained by treating prethreshold zone I or posterior zone II ROP. And laser treatment is better tolerated by infant, accurate, easy, less destructive and not requires general anesthesia.
Anesthesia, General ; Argon* ; Cryotherapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Light Coagulation ; Retinopathy of Prematurity*

OBJECT: It is to evaluate the priority area for effective eye care service to the aged population of rural comniunity at present and in future. METHOD: Number of aged group surveyed on 60 and over 60 years age that, counted 531 among the total 580 patients. Visual acuity was tested and refractive error was measured by Retinornax (Nikon, Japan) . Ocular examination was performed to determine the causes of visual impairment. This survey was conducted under the auspices of the Korean Foundation for Prevention of Blindness with assistance of the Seoul National University Postgraduate School of Public Health from 1994 to 1996 at the Public Health Center of Chun-Cheon, Kang-Won Do(Province). RESULTS: Age distribution showed the sixties (60-69) 49,3%, the seventies (70-79) 33.9%, and the eighties (80) 16.8%. Proportion of visual acuity of 0.7 or upper in the better eyes constituted 32.2% and of 0.2 or worse 19.4%. Causes of visual impairnnente consisted of refractive errors 35. 9%, cataract 35. 9%, macular degeneration 7, 4%, and corneal opacity 3.9% in order. Contributed modes of care were spectacles 27.9%, surgeries 23.9% (cataract, operation, pterygium removal etc.), and medical treatment 23.9%. DISCUSSION: Surgery of the aged population in rural comrnunity of Chun-Cheon revealed the most. prevalent. causes of visual impairment as the refractive errors and cataract. It is suggested that. the most effective eye care would be provided systemically based 0 the result of the epidemiological study on the various ocular disorders.
Age Distribution ; Blindness ; Cataract ; Corneal Opacity ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Eyeglasses ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration ; Pterygium ; Public Health ; Refractive Errors ; Seoul ; Vision Disorders ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: We studied the effect of LASIK and LASEK for correction of myopic astigmatism and the clinical results in relation to preoperative astigmatism and operative methods. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the results of 176 eyes of 97 patients in the LASIK group and of 56 eyes of 29 patients in the LASEK group. All patients had undergone LASIK or LASEK for correction of myopic astigmatism with MEL-70TM (Aesculap-Meditec, Jena, Germany). Patients were divided into groups I (or=3.00D) according to preoperative astigmatism, and into groups A (LASIK) and B (LASEK) according to operative method. Each patient was followed up for over 6 months with measurements of uncorrected visual acuity, manifested refraction, and spherical equivalent at 1, 3, and 6 months after operation. RESULTS: In groups IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IVA, and IVB, preoperative cylindrical errors were 0.56 +/- 0.17D, 0.61 +/- 0.13D, 1.27 +/- 0.28D, 1.24 +/- 0.21D, 2.18 +/- 0.25D, 2.10 +/- 0.25D, 3.39 +/- 0.66D, and 3.50 +/- 0.61D, and postoperative 6-month astigmatism measurements were 0.33 +/- 0.49D, 0.34 +/- 0.36D, 0.28 +/- 0.30D, 0.63 +/- 0.44D, 0.48 +/- 0.42D, 0.44 +/- 0.57D, 0.86 +/- 0.42D, and 1.00 +/- 0.78D, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The correction of myopic astigmatism in LASEK was less effective than in LASIK at early postoperative periods, but they showed similar effect on the correction of astigmatism at 6 months after surgery, especially in the group with medium to low grade of astigmatism.
Astigmatism* ; Humans ; Keratectomy, Subepithelial, Laser-Assisted* ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ* ; Postoperative Period ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity