In order to elucidate the present features of visual-impairments related to refractive errors including myopia and causative factors of myopia among urban school children, visual acuity, refractive components on the myopia, and socioenvironmental factors were examined among 4,004 primary, middle and high school children in Seoul. It was conceived that the results were facilitated for the future improvements of the Eye Health Plan for the school children in this country. This study reveals that visual impairments and prevalence of myopia increase with the school grade(age), and progression of myopia begins earlier in girls than boys. The Progress of myopia is closely related with elongation of ocular axial length along with vitreous A-P length and compensatory reduction of radius of radius of corneal curvature were more apparent in myopia of -0.5 ~ -5.0 D than the group of over -5.0 D. According to the analysis of ancilliary questionnaire, we have got a conclusion that it is statistically significant that the myopization of the ocular structure appeared susceptible with the socio-environmental factors such as eating habits, T.V. watching period and distance, reading hours, distance and type of illumination, and school achievement, which are mainly related to near work. From the results, it is deducible that by improving such environmental factors the myopia in some proportion would be preventable especially in younger children.
Child* ; Eating ; Female ; Humans ; Lighting ; Myopia* ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Radius ; Refractive Errors ; Seoul ; Vision Disorders* ; Visual Acuity

Orthodontic tooth movement is closely related to the stress on the periodontal tissue. In this research the finite element method was used to observe the stress distribution and to find the best condition for effective tooth movement in the case of unilateral molar expansion. The author constructed the model of lower dental arch of average Korean adult and used .032" x .032" x 60mm TMA wire. The wire was deflected in the horizontal and vertical direction to give the 16 conditions. The following results were obtained; 1. When the moment and force were controlled properly the movement of anchor tooth was minimized and the movement of moving tooth was maximized. 2. As the initial horizontal deflection increased the buccal displacement of both teeth was also increased. As the initial vertical deflection increased the lingual movement of anchor tooth and the buccal movement of moving tooth increased. 3. When the initial horizontal and vertical deflection rate was 1.5 the effective movement of moving tooth was observed with minimal displacement of anchor tooth.
Adult ; Dental Arch ; Humans ; Molar* ; Tooth ; Tooth Movement

Twenty cases of blepharospasm and thirty five cases of hemifacial spasm were treated by injection with Botulinum Toxin A during a fifteen-month period. A total of 74 treatment sessions were given for 7 months follow-up period and the mean dose of 17.81 units per lid and brow was administered according to Scott's method. The mean ages of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm patients were 59 years and 49 years, respectively. The mean response time of toxin against blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm were 159.9 days and 167.1 days respectively. The maximum effect of toxin appeared in the first 1 month period following injection. The mean preinjection spasm grade was +3.17 in blepharospasm, and +2.41 in hemifacial spasm, and mean postinjection spasm grade was +0.88 in blepharospasm and +0.52 in hemifacial spasm. The mean preinjection muscle strength was +3.15 in blepharospasm, and +3.07 in hemifacial spasm, and mean postinjection muscle strength was +1.12 in blepharospasm, and +1.24 in hemifacial spasm. The complications attributed to toxin injection were lagophthalmos, and epiphora. These ocular complications were localized, mild and transient, and no systemic side effects were noted.
Blepharospasm* ; Botulinum Toxins* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemifacial Spasm ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases ; Muscle Strength ; Reaction Time ; Spasm

In the case presented a Botulinum toxin was injected into the extraocular muscles to treat limitation of eyeball movement due to retention of a metallic foreign body in the orbit. A 32-year-old man had had a major complaint of exohypotropia with diplopia for 15 years and a routine X-ray examination and C-T scan of the orbit revealed an approximately 5 cm long metallic foreign body bridging the right retrobulbar space, the right ethmoid sinus and the sphenoid sinus. During the course of extracting the foreign body, a lesion on the muscle, fatty tissue and fibrotic adhesion, resulting in disuse atrophy or mechanical damage of the right medial rectus and right superior rectus appeared likely. The injection of 5 units of Botulinum toxin into both the right lateral rectus and the right inferier rectus appeared clinically successful after 6 months, resulting in orthophoria and diminishing diplopia.
Adipose Tissue ; Adult ; Botulinum Toxins* ; Diplopia ; Ethmoid Sinus ; Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Muscles ; Muscular Disorders, Atrophic ; Orbit* ; Sphenoid Sinus

Two hundred sixty two patients of the essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm were treated with Botulinum toxin A (Oculinum(R)). A total of 620 treatments was given injections over a 3-year period. A reduction in spasm intensity was noted in most patients, and the mean response time of the essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm were 144.2 days and 172.3 days, respectively, There was no clear relationship between age, sex, toxin dose or preinjected spasm intensity, the amount of spasm reduction, and the mean response time. The mean respone time had no difference from the first through the fourth treatments; but in hemifacial spasm, the mean response time of the second treatment was longer than that of first, third and fourth treatments. The lagophthalmos and superficial punctate keratitis were the most frequent complications. As a result of the injection to avoid the center of the upper and lower eyelids, the frequency of complications could be minimized. There was no clear difference in the beneficial effect and the mcidence of complication (lagophthalmos) between toxin stored in the vaccum and in the non-vaccum state. Patients who were treated with lidocaine mixed toxin had a less effective result than those with saline-mixed toxin.
Blepharospasm* ; Botulinum Toxins* ; Eyelids ; Hemifacial Spasm* ; Humans ; Keratitis ; Lidocaine ; Reaction Time ; Spasm

In order to explain the changes of refractive components related to refractive error in subdivided myopia according to fundus changes, we studied the correlation of axial length, vitreous length, anterior chmaber depth and corneal power in comparison with refractive error among 142 eyeballs of 15 to 30 years old patients. There is a close association between refractive error and axial length with coefficient of correlation r=0.75(p<0.01), but closer association is revealed between refractive error and vitreous length with coefficient of correlation r=0.82(p<0.01). The increase of vitreous length means the changes of the posterior pole, so that it may be logical to take into consideration of fundus changes in subdividing myopic eyes with same degree of refractive error. In apposition to other refractive components, corneal power is reduced according to refractive error but it does not have a significant effect.
Adult ; Humans ; Logic ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

Wegener's granulomatosis is characterized by necrotizing vasculitis and granuloma formation in both upper and lower respiratory tracts and in kidney. Other organs are also involved frequently. Ocular manifestations are Ehown in about 50% of patients with it. We experienced a case of Wegener's granulomatcsis developed prcgressive paranasal sinusitis and rhinitis combined with orbital and ocular involvement shown proptosis of both eyes, necrotic change of cornea and anterior portion of sclera in left eye and so forth. The diagnosis was confirmed by clinical findings and histopathologic features of tissue biopsy. The histopathology from periccular area of left eye had the typical findings of Wegener's granulomatosis with necrotizing vasculitis and granuloma formation. We had treated with oral cyclophosphamide(30~120mg/day) and corticosteroid(betamethaEcne 3mg 1M) and performed the enucleation of left eye due to widespread necrosis. The general condition and ocular findings were moderately improved with medical treatment but the eventual visual acuity was zero in right eye.
Biopsy ; Cornea ; Diagnosis ; Exophthalmos ; Granuloma ; Humans ; Kidney ; Necrosis ; Orbit ; Respiratory System ; Rhinitis ; Sclera ; Sinusitis ; Vasculitis ; Visual Acuity ; Wegener Granulomatosis*

Wegener's granulomatosis is characterized by necrotizing vasculitis and granuloma formation in both upper and lower respiratory tracts and in kidney. Other organs are also involved frequently. Ocular manifestations are Ehown in about 50% of patients with it. We experienced a case of Wegener's granulomatcsis developed prcgressive paranasal sinusitis and rhinitis combined with orbital and ocular involvement shown proptosis of both eyes, necrotic change of cornea and anterior portion of sclera in left eye and so forth. The diagnosis was confirmed by clinical findings and histopathologic features of tissue biopsy. The histopathology from periccular area of left eye had the typical findings of Wegener's granulomatosis with necrotizing vasculitis and granuloma formation. We had treated with oral cyclophosphamide(30~120mg/day) and corticosteroid(betamethaEcne 3mg 1M) and performed the enucleation of left eye due to widespread necrosis. The general condition and ocular findings were moderately improved with medical treatment but the eventual visual acuity was zero in right eye.
Biopsy ; Cornea ; Diagnosis ; Exophthalmos ; Granuloma ; Humans ; Kidney ; Necrosis ; Orbit ; Respiratory System ; Rhinitis ; Sclera ; Sinusitis ; Vasculitis ; Visual Acuity ; Wegener Granulomatosis*

In order to evaluate the necessity of the cycloplegic refraction in mass screening examination for school children, the 3,541 students of primary, middle and high school graders in Seoul were selected for the survey. Manifest and cycloplegic refraction were carried out respectively before and after instillation of 1% Cyclogyl eye drops. 1) Following the instillation of 1% Cyclogyl, the mean refractive power of students in total number was changed from -0.86D. to -0.49D. with statistical significance(p<0.01) and it also indicated that the more higher school graders held the less differences of the diopters between the results of each procedure. 2) Cycloplegic refraction became increased in diopter 0.35D. in emmetropes, 0.98D. in hyperopes, and it became decreased in diopter 0.1D. in myopes. The differences in each group were statistically significant(emmetropes: t=31, p<0.0001, hyperopes: t=40.5, p<0.0001, myopes: t=5.56, p<0.0001). 3) Number of myopia detected diminished following in cycloplegic examination, and the difference of its decreasing numbers was less in higher graders. Conversely, the number of hyperopes detected increased following the cyclopegic examination, but the differences of its increasing the numbers was less in higher graders. As a conclusion, it is recommendable that the cycloplegic refraction should be applied to the mass screening in school-age children, especially to examination of refractive errors of certain state of younger age group with hyperopia.
Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Mass Screening ; Myopia ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Refractive Errors ; Seoul

In order to evaluate the necessity of the cycloplegic refraction in mass screening examination for school children, the 3,541 students of primary, middle and high school graders in Seoul were selected for the survey. Manifest and cycloplegic refraction were carried out respectively before and after instillation of 1% Cyclogyl eye drops. 1) Following the instillation of 1% Cyclogyl, the mean refractive power of students in total number was changed from -0.86D. to -0.49D. with statistical significance(p<0.01) and it also indicated that the more higher school graders held the less differences of the diopters between the results of each procedure. 2) Cycloplegic refraction became increased in diopter 0.35D. in emmetropes, 0.98D. in hyperopes, and it became decreased in diopter 0.1D. in myopes. The differences in each group were statistically significant(emmetropes: t=31, p<0.0001, hyperopes: t=40.5, p<0.0001, myopes: t=5.56, p<0.0001). 3) Number of myopia detected diminished following in cycloplegic examination, and the difference of its decreasing numbers was less in higher graders. Conversely, the number of hyperopes detected increased following the cyclopegic examination, but the differences of its increasing the numbers was less in higher graders. As a conclusion, it is recommendable that the cycloplegic refraction should be applied to the mass screening in school-age children, especially to examination of refractive errors of certain state of younger age group with hyperopia.
Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Mass Screening ; Myopia ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Refractive Errors ; Seoul