Modern day medical professionalism has been advocated by multiple professional organizations and individual scholars. Most of the statements publicly issued emphasize particular moral traditions and the highest professional standards along with doctors' social role to recover society's trust, which have proved ineffective in bringing any change. Based on the perspective that medical professionalism is a norm of practice, acknowledged and shared by the majority of current ordinary doctors, the author traced the emergence of modern professionalism to challenge the legitimacy of those virtue-based arguments within a historical context. With the increasing complexities of both society and the health care system, new types of health clinics have been practiced especially by young generation doctors. As these are explored, several factors related with those stated professionalism that are creating conflicts are discussed. It is criticized that those statements demand individual doctors to adhere to the ideal professionalism regardless of any circumstances, so that it excludes any discussion about professionalism from the broader social contextual background. Given that professionalism is a context-dependent concept, it is stressed that modern day medical professionalism is required to evolve along with societal change. As medicine is recognized as a system in which numerous societal areas are involved, medical professionalism is expected to be rewritten into a consensus-based, more realistic and explicit compact.
Altruism ; Conflict of Interest ; Delivery of Health Care ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Illegitimacy ; Societies

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to make a comparison of KEDI-WISC and TOVA response in children with ADHD only (group 1), ADHD with comorbidity (group 2) and non-ADHD (in children with clinical diagnoses other than ADHD:group 3). And the clinical utility of auditory TOVA was examined. METHODS: Subjects of this research were children who were diagnosed as ADHD without comorbidity (n=19), ADHD with comorbidity (n=29) and non-ADHD (n=37). Cognitive characteristics among three groups were evaluated by FIQ, VIQ, PIQ, 11 subtests of KEDI-WISC and variables of visual and auditory TOVA. In order to determine the variables of visual and auditory TOVA effectively discrinating these three groups well, discriminant analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The results indicated that three groups in FIQ, VIQ and PIQ as well as information, comprehension, digit span, picture completion and block design were differentiated. With visual TOVA, group 1 was significantly slower than group 2 and group 3 in response time. And group 1 vs group 3 differed in the variability for Q1. With auditory-TOVA, group 1 was significantly more impaired than group 3 in D prime for the high response demand mode ("frequent" mode), response time for Q3, commission errors for Q4 and in the variability for Q2. As a result of discriminant analysis, it was Q1 and Q4 of RT in visual TOVA and Q4 of CE in auditory TOVA. And overall percentage of correct classification to identify possible presence of attention deficit was 60.0% in visual TOVA, 61.2% in auditory TOVA and 61.2% in both. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that FIQ, VIQ and PIQ of group 2 were lower than group 1 and group 3. TOVA response differentiated among three groups and the responses in attention deficit children varied according to the situations and the characteristics of task. For the economy of time and expenses down either of them is good enough to indicate the possible presence of attention deficit. The clinical implications and limitations of the present study were discussed.
Child* ; Classification ; Comorbidity* ; Comprehension ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Reaction Time

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to evaluate how the visual and auditory TOVA along with the IQ scores can differentiate the attentional deficit, both in children with ADHD only and in children with clinical diagnoses other than ADHD. METHODS: Forty seven children were divided into two groups, who were diagnosed as ADHD only and non-ADHD. One child & adolescent psychiatrist and one clinical psychologist were involved in the diagnostic process. Psychological tests battery including TOVA- visual and auditory was applied to all children. The raw data from the results was analyzed statistically by ANCOVA. RESULTS: ADHD children were significantly scored lower in total IQ scores, as well as in all the subscores of IQ tests except similarities and vocabulary, though all of the children were classified within normal limit in terms of total IQ scores. Among the subscores of the IQ tests, the scores of arithmatic, digit span and coding were more significantly lower in ADHD group. And the ADHD children were significantly more impaired in performance in the variables of commission for the first half & total with visual TOVA, in the variables of commission for the second half & total with auditory TOVA. CONCLUSION: The ADHD children could be differentiated by the variables of both commission and variability of auditory TOVA. Assuming that the subscores of arithmatic, digit span and coding in the IQ test, as well as the variables of commission and variability of auditory TOVA reflect the ability of impulse control, the results suggest that the ADHD children would be more impaired in impulse-control than the children diagnosed other than ADHD.
Adolescent ; Child* ; Clinical Coding ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Psychiatry ; Psychological Tests ; Psychology ; Vocabulary