Introduction : Water is a vital resource for human existence and is essential for daily food processing, preparation, washing, hygiene, and sanitation. Furthermore, providing the population with safe drinking water is one of the pressing problems of the world and some regions.
In recent years, population density and the scale of commercial and industrial activities, as well as clean and dirty water consumption were increased in the capital city. As a result of these, ground and surface water resources are becoming scarce and polluted.
Therefore, assessment of daily drinking and residential water consumption of Ulaanbaatar should be determined to use drinking water properly in daily life and water loss. This study assessed the actual amount of households’ daily water consumption. Goal: The purpose of this study is to determine the daily consumption of drinking water for households in ger areas and apartments in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Method: This study covers 30 households in ger areas and 15 apartment households, in Ulaanbaatar. Household members performed 6-10 types of measurements every day, within 7 days. As a result of these measurements, actual consumption of water quantity used for drinking and household purposes was calculated. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS Version 21 to calculate the true probability of difference between parameters. Result: 67.9% of the households in the ger areas were 4-5 family members. The average daily household consumption of drinking and domestic water were 68.3 ± 3.57 L (95% 61.3-75.3), the minimum consumption was 12 L, and the maximum was 227 L. Average of the household water consumption water was 97.6-108.9 liters during the weekends, and water consumption was statistically higher than weekdays (p=0.001; p=0.01).
The water consumption of residential households with 3 family members accounted for the majority (30.8%) in this study. The average daily consumption of drinking and domestic water was 297.67±19.7 liters. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.96) in week. The average daily water consumption including drinking and residential was 270.3-335.97 L.
The total daily drinking and residential water consumption per person was 15.57 L for households in ger areas and 90 L for apartment households. Calculating the daily water consumption of households in ger areas, 60.3% of it is used for laundry, washing dishes, food preparation, washing face and hands, and clothes, 31% for drinking, and 8.7% for outdoor water use. While apartment households, approximately 94.1%, were used for household and 5.9% for drinking purposes. Research ethics approval : This study was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health. In addition, this study was carried out according to the methods and methods discussed and approved at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health (Resolution No. 08). Conclusion The total daily consumption of drinking and residential water per person were 15.57 litres for the households in the ger areas and 90 litres for the apartment households. It implies that it does not exceed the WHO recommendations

Background: Serum natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a critical biomarker for diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction. Heart failure is the leading cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD), emphasizing the need for its early detection and prognosis. Objective: This study aimed to determine the serum NT-proBNP levels in participants with CKD and establish a cut-off value for predicting heart failure. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to July 1,2024. This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Medical Sciences (Approval No.24/01). A total of 117 CKD patients hospitalized in the Nephrology and Endocrinology Department of the third state hospital were enrolled based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using questionnaires, laboratory and heart ultrasound test results. Serum NT-proBNP levels were measured using a rapid immunofluorescence quantitative analyzer. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26.0. Results: The mean age of the 117 participants was 57.9 ± 14.7 years, with 51.3% being male. The mean serum NT-proBNP level was 7686 ± 12149 pg/mL. Statistically significant differences were observed in serum creatinine, sodium, calcium, CKD stage, and arterial hypertension between genders (p<0.05). NT-proBNP levels in hemodialysis patients differed significantly between heart failure and non-heart failure groups (p<0.05). Significant differences were also found in hemoglobin, serum albumin, NT-proBNP levels, and CKD stages (p<0.05). NT-proBNP correlated significantly with risk factors such as hemodialysis, diabetes, and decreased systolic blood pressure (p<0.0001). A weak inverse relationship was noted between systolic blood pressure and NT-proBNP (R² = 0.16). The NT-proBNP cut-off value for predicting heart failure was 3027 pg/mL, with an AUC of 61.7% (sensitivity: 74.5%, specificity: 55%). Conclusion Serum NT-proBNP levels are elevated in CKD patients regardless of heart failure. The established cut-off value for NT-proBNP in CKD patients to detect heart failure was 3027 pg/mL, with moderate diagnostic utility (AUC = 61.7%).

Introduction: Mongolia’s capital hosts about half the country’s total population, and its air pollution ranks among the highest in the world during winter. Air pollution is linked to reduced fetal growth, preterm birth, low birth weight, impaired cognitive intra-uterine development, impaired cognitive development, and even spontaneous abortion. Antenatal care includes fetal development monitoring, prevention of anemia, immunization against infectious diseases, prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, and any health risk factors such as environmental pollution.
Health care measures for pregnant women and children under one year of age have the potential to be highly effective because they are directly aimed at reducing pneumonia in children. As such, we need to conduct this survey to determine whether pregnant women were satisfied with the information and advice on air pollution prevention provided by health facilities and to take evidence-based measures. Materials and Methods : The survey data were collected using quantitative and qualitative research methods. In this study, a total of 958 pregnant women participated from Songinokhairkhan district, Bayanzurkh district, and Bayankhongor province center. The overall satisfaction of health services is calculated using the three dimensions namely: satisfaction with health service, operation, and environment of the Health Organization. Satisfaction scores were assessed using an even-point scale. These are “Very Dissatisfied-1 point”, “Dissatisfied-2 point”, “Satisfied-3 point”, “Very satisfied-4 point”. The results were calculated after entering the survey data into SPSS-23, creating a database, and performing error control. The research methodology was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health on December 25, 2019, and the methodology was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the MOH (Stagnant №2). Results : The survey covered 958 pregnant women aged 16-45 in Bayanzurkh district Songinokhairkhan district, and Bayankhongor province. During antenatal care visits, the majority of pregnant women (BZD- 56.9%, SKHD- 68.3%, BKH province - 86.7%) were advised by their health specialists to go outside for fresh air, while women in Ulaanbaatar (BZD- 18.9%, SKHD- 24.7%) received the information and advice at the lowest percentage. Pregnant women in Ulaanbaatar were less involved in air pollution training than in Bayankhongor. Participants in the air pollution prevention training rated it as “satisfied” regardless of location. 37.2% of pregnant women obtained information on protecting their health from air pollution from the board of Family Health Center and 34% from their district health centers. 86.1% of the participants were able to obtain information on air pollution on their own, while 86% of them got information from their family and friends. Conclusion The percentage of pregnant women getting medical advice, training, and information on air pollution prevention from hospitals during their antenatal care visits was the highest in rural areas. Moreover, their level of satisfaction with counseling had been rated as “satisfied”. Pregnant women often seek information on air pollution prevention from non-professional sources, such as their family and friends.

Introduction: A brain abscess is a serious disease of the central nerve system. We conducted this study to summarize the clinical manifestations and outcomes of brain abscesses. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review of pediatric patients diagnosed with brain abscesses from November 2000 to Jаn 2016 was performed at Shastin Medical Hospital neurosurgery department. Results: Twenty-five patients were included in this study. On average, 1.67 cases per year were identified and the median age was 4.3 years. The common presenting clinical manifestations were fever (18/25, 72%), seizure (12/25, 48%), altered mental status (11/25, 44%), and signs of increased intracranial pressure (9/25, 36%). A total of 14 (56%) patients had underlying illnesses, with congenital heart disease (8/25, 32%) as the most common cause. Predisposing factors were identified in 15 patients (60%). The common predisposing factors were otogenic infection (3/25, 12%) and penetrating head trauma (3/25, 12%). Causative organisms were identified in 64% of patients (16/25). The causative agents were S. intermedius (n=3), S. aureus (n=3), S. pneumoniae (n=1), Group B streptococcus (n=2), E. coli (n=1), P. aeruginosa (n=1), and suspected fungal infection (n=5). Seven patients received medical treatment only while the other 18 patients also required surgical intervention. The overall fatality rate was 16% and 20% of patients had neurologic sequelae. There was no statistical association between outcomes and the factors studied. Conclusion: Although uncommon, a brain abscess is a serious disease. A high level of suspicion is very important for early diagnosis and to prevent serious consequences.

Introduction: A brain abscess is aserious disease of the central nerve system.We conducted this study to summarize theclinical manifestations and outcomes ofbrain abscesses.Materials and Methods: A retrospectivechart review of pediatric patients diagnosedwith brain abscesses from November 2000 toJаn 2016 was performed at Shastin MedicalHospital neurosurgery department.Results: Twenty-five patients wereincluded in this study. On average, 1.67cases per year were identified and themedian age was 4.3 years. The commonpresenting clinical manifestations were fever(18/25, 72%), seizure (12/25, 48%), alteredmental status (11/25, 44%), and signs ofincreased intracranial pressure (9/25, 36%).A total of 14 (56%) patients had underlyingillnesses, with congenital heart disease(8/25, 32%) as the most common cause.Predisposing factors were identified in 15patients (60%). The common predisposingfactors were otogenic infection (3/25, 12%)and penetrating head trauma (3/25, 12%).Causative organisms were identified in 64%of patients (16/25). The causative agentswere S. intermedius (n=3), S. aureus (n=3),S. pneumoniae (n=1), Group B streptococcus(n=2), E. coli (n=1), P. aeruginosa (n=1),and suspected fungal infection (n=5). Sevenpatients received medical treatment onlywhile the other 18 patients also requiredsurgical intervention. The overall fatality ratewas 16% and 20% of patients had neurologicsequelae. There was no statistical associationbetween outcomes and the factors studied.Conclusion: Although uncommon, a brainabscess is a serious disease. A high level ofsuspicion is very important for early diagnosisand to prevent serious consequences.

In recent years, many researches that is related to waterborne diseases, especially diarrhea and water quality, safety, personal sanitation, hygiene have been conducting in developing country. Kharaa and Orkhon river are tributaries of the Selenge river basin and the many industries,agriculture, mining, provinces, soums are located in the near of Selenge river basin. Also Tuul,Kharaa and Orkhon river water is very polluted (Mongolian human Development Report 2010: Water and Development report).The aim of the research is to study correlation between to Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water pollution level and rate of gastrointestinal infectious diseases of people who live in the near of Selenge river basin.We analysed Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water quality and statistical data of gastrointestinal infectious diseases (such as dysentery, diarrhea, hepatitis A virus and others). Then we conducted correlation analysis between to river water pollution level and rate of intestinal infectious diseases. Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water was determined “less polluted” by physical, chemical andorganic indicators. But total number of bacteria was determined highly and Proteus vulgaris,Citrobacter freundi, Enterobacter agglomerans pathogens were detected in these river’s water. There were significant positive correlations between level of nitrit in river water and incidence of dysentery and diarrhea. (r=0.38, p=0.022; r=0.291, p=0.005).

INTRODUCTION:According to the report from 2010, Mongolian water consumption was 550 million cubic meter andapproximately 9.1% of the total Mongolian population obtain their water from inadequate hygiene waterresources - springs and rivers. Due to non-hygiene water usage has caused water-born communicableand non communicable diseases among the population. In the last years there has been issue of pollutionof one of the Mongolia’s more representative river Selenge and its following rivers -Kharaa, Orkhon andit is necessary to evaluate water pollution of these rivers.GOAL:To determine water chemical and biological pollution of Kharaa and Orkhon river and to evaluate waterqualityMaterials and MethodsWe collected water, sediments and macro invertebrates sample from three points of river -upstream,midstream, downstream and for Kharaa river the samples were collected from Tunkhel, Mandal andBayangol soum, fo Orkhon river the sequence was Orkhontuul, Orkhon, Khushaat soum. Samples werecollected June, August, October of 2011, 2013.In water sample, we determined physic-chemical 15 parameters including temperature, pH, total dissolvedsolids, conductivity, smell, color, hardness, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, dissolved oxygen,biological oxygen demand and mercury using their standard methods. Macro invertebrate samples werecollected to evaluate water quality and we determined mercury in sediments and macroinvertebratesamples to evaluate mercury contamination.RESULT:Physic-chemical results of the water showed that water of Kharaa, Orkhon rivers were classified lowmineralized, soft water and nutrient pollution indicators for ‘slightly polluted’category. For dissolved andbiochemical oxygen, they were belong to the category of ‘pure water’.There were no correlation between 2012 and 2013 results and mercury in water, sediments and macroinvertebrates were qualified standard value.CONCLUSION:According to research results water quality of Kharaa, Orkhon river was good and have less pollution andit is possible to use in household consumption after proper cleaning and disinfection.

INTRODUCTION:Waterborne diseases, especially diarrhea, related to water quality and safety, personal sanitation and hygienehave been still reported very high in developing countries. Globally, there are an estimated 1.4 million casesof hepatitis A every year. The hepatitis A virus is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and wateror through direct contact with an infectious person. Hepatitis A is associated with a lack of safe water and poorsanitation [2].Dysentery is bloody diarrhea, i.e. any diarrheal episode in which the loose or watery stools contain visiblered blood. Dysentery is most often caused byShigella species (bacillary dysentery) or Entamoeba histolytica(amoebic dysentery) [3].Kharaa and Orkhon River are tributaries of the Selenge River-basin, in which many mining and other industries,agriculture, and residential areas reside. It has become a one pollutant factor for water of the Kharaa andOrkhon rivers. As a result, water of the Tuul, Kharaa and Orkhon River was reported to be highly contaminated(Mongolian Human Development Report 2010: Water and Development report) [4].GOAL:The aim of the research was to study incidence of gastrointestinal infectious diseases among population ofsoums are located in Selenge River Basin.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Data on health statistics 2009-2013 years of gastrointestinal infectious diseases, including dysentery, diarrhea,hepatitis A virus and others, were collected and analyzed.RESULTS:Incidence of dysentery was registered highly among people who live in Mandal soums in 2009-2013 years. Butincidence of dysentery (per 10 000 population 2.82) among population ofMandal soum lower than the Selengeprovince and National average. Incidence of hepatitis A virus was registered highly among people who livein Orkhon (74.46), Orkhontuul (48.86) soums and it was greater than 1.3-2 times than the Selenge provinceaverage. Incidence of diarrhea was registered highly among people who live in Khushaat soum and it wasgreater than 2.18-3.8 times the than Selenge province averageCONCLUSION:Incidences of diarrhea and hepatitis A virus were registered highly in Orkhon, Orkhotuul and Khushaat soumscompared to other target soums and it was greater than 1.3-3.8 times than the Selenge province average.Especially, these diseases were registered highly among 0-16 aged children.

IntroductionCardiovascular diseases are among the first three causes of mortality in the global population. 1 billion people in the world suffer from arterial hypertension2. In USA 60 million people have high arterial blood pressure, while 40% of the adult population of Russia have arterial hypertension. In Mongolia 28% of the adults suffer this disease. For most countries, arterial hypertension is both health and social problems. Studies of research centers in the USA and Western European countries demonstrate that decreasing the prevalence of arterial hypertension diseases can prolong the life expectancy3. There is an increasing trend of cardiovascular diseases in the Gobi region on Mongolia (10000:645.63 in Umnugobi aimag) with no tendency to decrease predicted in the near future4,5.ResultsWe conducted the study in order to define the intermediate risk factors causing the cardiovascular diseases on the aimag and soum levels. The study involved 754 people over the age of 30 years from 14 soums of 4 aimags. Of these participants, 26.3% are males and 73.7% are females. Our study shows high prevalence of arterial hypertension among the population, particularly among the working age population. A majority of the people over 30 years old taking park in our study had a low level of education, lower than minimum living standard income and unemployed. Among the people aged over 30 years, every fifth person uses tobacco and every seventh abuses alcohol and it shows that there is high index of alcohol and tobacco use among the population. 92.4% of the reviewed used less than 5 units of fruits and 90.8 of them used less than the same units of vegetables.ConclusionThus, the Gobi region population consumes insufficient quantity of fruits and vegetables with the entire food pattern being generally unhealthy. Hypodynamia is common among the population varying across the ages, sexes, occupation groups and locations. The average systolic and diastolic pressures are higher in men than in women. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high due to lack of physical exercising, weight control and optimization of food intake. As to the genders, women have a higher risk for overweight. Blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels are higher in men. The correlation between arterial hypertension and consumption of alcohol and tobacco, obesity and overweight and hypodynamia is strong.

Study objective is to determine the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DPB), prevalence of hypertension (HTN), treatment status, and respective trends in Mongolian population during 2005-2009.Two independent cross-sectional population-based surveys were carried out in 2005 and 2009 to monitor cardiovascular risk factors in men and women aged 15-64 years. The surveys were conducted according to the WHO STEP wise approach.