INTRODUCTION: Main reasons of metabolic syndrome are obesity and overweighing, which are becoming a global worldwide problem. Obesity is both a prevalent condition worldwide and a well-known, modifiable risk factor for various diseases, including diabetes. In a recent review article, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were reported as established risk factors for diabetes. GOAL: To define the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Mongolian aging man living in Ulaanbaatar city MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomly selected 180 men aged 35-90 years old were involved to this study. All were informed and written consent was given by each individual. The metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP definition: high blood pressure, high waist circumference, higher fasting sugar, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol. Anthropometric parameters like waist circumference (WC), weight, height, blood pressure and blood chemical parameters like glucose, triglyceride (TG), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-Ch) were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Average age of all participants was 56.82±12.55 years and was divided in three age groups: 35-60 (n=112), 61-74 (n=47), 74-90 (n=17). The characteristics of participants are shown Mongolian men in 38.8 % (70) of all participants had a metabolic syndrome and in compare to T.Baysgalan’s study, implemented in 2007 was higher. In our opinion it depends on our study participant’s age, because in our study number of elderly were predominating than mentioned survey. Waist circumference in metabolic syndrome group is higher than in healthy control group (p<0.05). Triglyceride level does not change with aging, but in our study participants, the TG level was negatively correlated with aging in metabolic syndrome group (r = -0.307). HDL-cholesterol is abundantly circulating molecule in human plasma and shows anti-atherogenic effect. In our participants HDL-Ch decreases with aging (r=-0.174). CONCLUSION: Our pilot study present that metabolic syndrome prevalence reaches 38.8% of total aged, male participants, and it is leads to implement and provide an investigation in large range, including urban and rural areas of the country.

Background: In recent years, kidney complication of diabetes became the basic cause of the end stage of renal disease in many countries around the world and then primary kidney disease goes on the 2-3 places. Due to the fact that diabetes mellitus turns more and more into non-communicable worldwide epidemic, we faced the increase in kidney complication which is one of form of micro vascular complications. So, illness of every 1-2 in three patients to undergo a renal replacement therapy has been diagnosed as diabetic nephropathy and of course nephrologists could not leave this fact without their attention. Goal: To study a change in the kidney structure with type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Within the scope of the research 35 autopsied passed way because of the type 2 diabetes in clinical hospitals. According to Tervaert classification of diabetic kidney pathology issued by American Society of Nephrology in 2006, changes in glomerular structure were divided into 4 classes. Ordinary staining methods as hemotoxilin eosin, Van Gizonestaning connective tissue, Periodic Acid- Schiff standing have been used.Results: 35 autopsied in total, including 23 male (65.7%) and 12 female (34.3%) were covered by this research. And glomerular basement membrane thickening discovered in 51.4%, mesangial matrix expansion in 34.2%, Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule in 20% and advanced glomerulosclerosis in 8.5% of total cases, respectively.Conclusions:1. It is found that diabetic kidney can be classified by Tervaert classification using ordinary standing and PAS reaction on the light microscope.2. However, we faced an essential necessity to be armed with immunofluorescence and electron microscope for the purpose to improve diagnostic examination and establish classes more accurately.3. Today when the medical science develops as evidence-based medicine, a starting the kidney biopsy samples assaying become the vital issue in comparative studying the clinical stage of diabetic kidney pathology.

INTRODUCTION: Adipose tissue exclusively secretes adiponectin, a 244–amino-acid protein that regulates themetabolism of lipids and glucose and circulates quite abundantly in plasma. Adiponectin were still stronglyassociated with an increased diabetes risk in men; but the association for women was no longer statisticallysignificant. Adiponectin decreases insulin resistance and body weight by increasing lipid oxidation in muscleand other organs such as the pancreas and liver.GOAL: To define of adiponectin level in aging man living in Ulaanbaatar city.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomly selected 84 men aged 35-90 years old were involved to this study. Veinblood were collected, the serum were separated and were frozen until assayed by immunosorbent assay.Morning baseline adiponectin were determined in the sera. We used ELISA kit from Mesdia company (Korea).RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Average age of all participants was 56.82±12.55 years and was divided in three agegroups: 35-60 (31.1%), 61-74 (10%), 74-90 (5.55%). Levels of adiponectin were inversely associated with BMI(r=-0.103), WC (r=-0.173), and TG (r=0.143) and directly associated with age and HDL-C (r=0.117, p<0.001).All people were divided by NCEP criteria in two groups: metabolic syndrome group and healthy control group.Average adiponectin level in metabolic syndrome group was 4.83±7.10 ug/ml, in healthy group it was 5.71±7.53ug/ml, which shows that adiponectin level is significantly lower in people with metabolic syndrome.CONCLUSION: Adiponectin level was lower in people with metabolic syndrome and it has inverse correlation withwaist circumference.

BackgroundIgA nephropathy and MPGN are common glomerulonephritis in the world that progresses slowly andrenal function can even remain unchanged for decades. Clinically, it presents by isolated hematuria,proteinuria. Histologically, IgA nephropathy presents with acute glomerular damage, mesangial cellproliferation, endocapillary leucocyte infiltration, and crescent formations, these lesions can undergoresolution with sclerotic healing. Since 2013, renal biopsy has been done at the First Central Hospitalof Mongolia a few times. However, the confirmative diagnosis of IgA nephropathy and MPGN remainunknown in Mongolia by renal biopsy. Therefore, we intended to test renal biopsy techniques andconfirm its diagnosis by renal biopsy at the Second Central Hospital of Mongolia.MethodsUltrasound guided renal biopsy had been done for four patients by nephrologist at the Departmentof Nephrology of the Second Central Hospital of Mongolia. All four specimens were evaluated assatisfactory which show more than 8 glomerulus under the light microscopy. Each renal cortical tissuewas divided into two tips: one piece for routine H&E stain and special stains, including Masson’strichrome, and PAS stain; another piece for immunofluorescence by frozen section, which werestained with IgG, IgM, IgA and complement component 3 (C3). Each case was screened by threepathologists.Results:The case which shows mesengial widening, mesengial hypercellularity under the light microscopyor mesangial granular deposition of IgA and C3 by immunofluorescence was diagnosed as IgAnephropathy. We obtained crescent formation with glomerular adhesion in most cases. In addition, weobserved secondary MPGN in one case, which is caused by hepatitis C virus infection.Conclusion: Probably, it is a new step for developing pathologic diagnosis for nephrology in Mongolia.We needs further study for improving renal biopsy technique and confirming the diagnosis of IgAnephropathy and MPGN using electron microscopy and pathological report by oxford classification forIgA nephropathy.

Introduction: Beginning 15 May 2019, the consumption of raw coal in Ulaanbaatar has been replaced by the consumption of briquette fuel for the improvement of air quality according to Governmental Resolution No.62 adopted in 2018. Since after this resolution has been in placed the number of CO poisoning has been increased as of 18 December 2019, nine persons were died and 1394 people get a health care service due to CO poisoning. However, it has been not been assessed briquette affect to the indoor air quality and its health impact. Thus, it is need urge to define the indoor air quality effect of briquette and its heath impact. Goal: To assess the indoor air quality of the household using the “improved briquette” and identify the causes of the risk. Material and Method: This a cross-sectional survey, conducted from January 31, 2020 to April 31, 2020, data were obtained by quantitative, qualitative (observation, interview) and direct indoor air quality measurement. The survey sampling frame was 40 households in central 6 districts of Ulaanbaatar that used improved fuels (20 households with a history of carbon monoxide poisoning and 20 households that were not affected), and 14 households in the Nalaikh district that used raw coal, in total of 54 households were participated. Indoor air quality was measured by PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and microclimate per household for 24 hours during a week.
The statistical data analysis was done by the SPSS-23 program and preformed required parametric and non-parametric tests. The normality of the data was checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The most of data was not normally distributed. So, thus we used median and used relevant non-parametric tests. The average level of microclimate indicators, and air quality indicators were defined as mean, median and its IQR and standard deviation. The 95% confidence intervals of mean and frequencies were determined and used to differentiate group differences.
The Ethical permission to start the survey was approved by the 2nd meeting of the Ministry of Health on February 4, 2020. The committee was reviewed and approved the research methodology based on whether data collection technique and tools are considered the ethical issues, and whether provided accurate information for make decisions to enroll to the survey for respondents. Results: According to the health statistic, from October 2, 2019 to March 31, 2020, a total of 2,768 people from 837 households were exposed to carbon monoxide poisoning. Of the total reported cases, 10 were drunk, and 2 were due to other disease complications, and a total of 2,756 cases were confirmed diagnosis as carbon monoxide poisoning.
Emissions of CO were recorded every 15 seconds and the results were calculated by conducting continuous measurements per household for 24 hours a week. The level of CO emitted into the indoor environment of households exposed by carbon monoxide had increased during the following time from 7 am to 9 am in the morning, from 13 pm to 15 pm, from 18 pm to 20 pm in the evening, and from 22 pm to 24 pm at night. During this period of time, the indoor air CO level had increased from the WHO mild poisoning recommendation level. Conclusion It has been defined that the carbon monoxide emits to the indoor air households which are using an improved fuel according to measurement the 30 minutes, 31-60 minutes, and 61-120 minutes after burning.

Introduction: Gastric cancer is still one of the most leading causes of mortality in the world. The highest mortality rate of gastric cancer is estimated in Mongolia. South Korea and Japan, where leading the incidence of gastric cancer, mortality rates are observed in 51th and 31nd rank respectively. In Mongolia, gastric cancer is the second leading site, after liver cancer. Goal: We aimed to determine the cause of late diagnosis of gastric cancer and to evaluate supply of upper endoscopy devices and human resource for gastric cancer in the general hospital of provinces and districts. Materials and Methods: In this study, 84 patients suffering from gastric cancer (42 patients in III, IV TNM stage; 42 patients in I, II TNM stage)were investigated in National Cancer Center, Mongolia. A survey questionnaire which included age, gender, education, income, risk factors and clinical questions was detected from all patients. And we conducted study of supply of upper endoscopy devices and human resource for gastric cancer in general hospitals of from 21 provinces and general hospitals of 6 districts by questionnaire. Results: Seventy three(86.9%) patients were over 50 years old and the highest rates of gastric cancer were in group of 61-70 years (40.5%). From the results, the reason to visiting hospital was significantly different between two groups. 55.1% of patients suffering from early-stage gastric cancer were voluntarily diagnosed by upper endoscopy. In contrary, 55.8% of patients suffering from late-stage gastric cancer have visited the hospital due to worsening symptoms or dysphagia and vomiting. Factors such as age, gender, education, employment status and income had no significant effect on late diagnosis of gastric cancer. In totally 24(89%)general hospitals out of 27 had upper endoscopy devices and 22 (81.5%) hospitals had endoscopist. Although 75% of total general hospitals conduct annual cancer screening, 64% of them do not perform the endoscopy in annual screening. Conclusion In our country, late diagnosis of gastric cancer is related to the attitudes of patients for preventing and screening disease. Therefore, it is important to improve the health education of the population and to develop healthy, right attitudes and practices. And the study revealed that general hospitals have insufficient for upper endoscopy devices and human resource.

Gastric and esophageal cancer is a significant global health issue. The epidemiology of these tumors has significantly increased over the past several years especially in developing and developed countries. Many dietary exposures have been proposed to protect against or increase risk for esophageal and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including poor diets, foods, individual nutrients, methods of food preparation, and habits of consumption. Overweight/obese status is associated with an increased risk for many cancer types such as esophageal, gallbladder, kidney, pancreatic and gastric cancer. The association between obesity and cancer is strong. Nowadays there is a recognized decrease in incidence and mortality of distal gastric cancer and an increase in incidence and mortality of proximal esophageal cancer. In Mongolia, gastric cancer is the second most common cancer in males and the third most common in females. It is very important to understand how diet and nutrition affect to gastric and esophageal cancers. In this review we will discuss the effect of diet in locally advanced gastro-esophageal cancer. Although we tried to conclude all published articles about gastric and esophageal cancers in Mongolia.
In this survey, is considered dietary risks into 5 groups as following;
• Insufficient nutrition education(don’t know food and nutrients significance and food hygiene, don’t know right consumption of food)
• Bad habits (hot tea and meals, salty tea and food, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, sometimes eating breakfast, most of daily energy of food in the night, high amount of sugar, a drink of caffeine, overweight and etc.)
• Food processing technology (such as overcooking, pickling, preserving, frying, excessive salt in tea fried and etc).
• Chemical contaminants in food products (various inorganic fertilizers, heavy metals and etc.)
• Household economic capacity is influencing
Diet can be used as a tool to evoke the positive/desirable biological responses of an organism aiming to maximize health and protection against diseases (chronic/non-communicable diseasesparticularly cancer) by mostly means of prevention.