Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the first field where human stem cell therapy was successful. Flooding interest on human stem cell therapy to cure previously incurable diseases is largely indebted to HSCT success. Allogeneic HSCT has been an important modality to cure various diseases including hematologic malignancies, various non-malignant hematologic diseases, primary immunodeficiency diseases, and inborn errors of metabolism, while autologous HSCT is generally performed to rescue bone marrow aplasia following high-dose chemotherapy for solid tumors or multiple myeloma. Recently, HSCs are also spotlighted in the field of regenerative medicine for the amelioration of symptoms caused by neurodegenerative diseases, heart diseases, and others. Although the demand for HSCs has been growing, their supply often fails to meet the demand of the patients needing transplant due to a lack of histocompatible donors or a limited cell number. This review focuses on the generation and large-scale expansion of HSCs, which might overcome current limitations in the application of HSCs for clinical use. Furthermore, current proof of concept to replenish hematological homeostasis from non-hematological origin will be covered.
Bone Marrow ; Cell Count ; Drug Therapy ; Heart Diseases ; Hematologic Diseases ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells* ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Metabolism, Inborn Errors ; Multiple Myeloma ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Regenerative Medicine ; Stem Cells ; Tissue Donors

PURPOSE: High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is used to support infants with severe respiratory failure unresponsive to conventional ventilation (CV). We reviewed chest radiographs before and after HFOV with clinical correlation in infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). METHODS: Eighteen very low birth weight infants with RDS who had HFOV were included in this study. All patients were diagnosed as having RDS clinically and radiologically. Mean gestational age of infants was 27 weeks (range : 24-31 weeks). The mean duration of HFOV was 3 days (range : 14 hours-9 days). The chest radiographs of these infants within 3 hours before and after application of HFOV were retrospectively reviewed. Radiological findings based on aeration and parenchymal densities were classified into improved, no change, and progressed. Medical records were reviewed for FiO2 levels, clinical outcomes, complications, and causes of death. RESULTS: In 15 of 18 infants, aeration and parenchymal densities were improved and FiO2 levels were also improved after HFOV. Four of these 15 infants who showed improvement of radiological findings developed pneumothorax, sepsis, pulmonary or intestinal bleeding, and subsequently died. In remaining 3 infants in whom chest radiographs after HFOV showed no interval change or progression, oxygenation was also worsened and all died. CONCLUSION: Chest radiographs of HFOV-treated, very low birth weight infants showed improvement of aeration and parenchymal densities in most cases. Clinical outcome was good in infants who showed improvement on chest radiographs compared to those of progression group as far as there was no associated complication. Knowledge of radiological changes after HFOV will help in interpretation of chest radiographs in those HFOV-treated infants.
Cause of Death ; Gestational Age ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight* ; Medical Records ; Oxygen ; Pneumothorax ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Retrospective Studies ; Sepsis ; Ventilation*

Paragonimiasis was one of the most common causes of cavitary lung lesions until the 1960s, but now it has become a very rare disease in Korea. A 16-year-old boy presented with hemoptysis and several days of cough. His plain chest radiograph showed nodular opacity with a cavity in the left upper lung region. Although his symptoms disappeared after taking antituberculous drugs, his plain chest radiograph and computed tomography images after completion of therapy showed a new nodule with a cavity in the left lung field. Through video-assisted thoracoscopic wedge resection, Paragonimus eggs were found in the lung tissues.
Adolescent ; Cough ; Eggs ; Hemoptysis ; Humans ; Korea ; Lung ; Male ; Ovum ; Paragonimiasis* ; Paragonimus ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Rare Diseases ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary*

Paragonimiasis was one of the most common causes of cavitary lung lesions until the 1960s, but now it has become a very rare disease in Korea. A 16-year-old boy presented with hemoptysis and several days of cough. His plain chest radiograph showed nodular opacity with a cavity in the left upper lung region. Although his symptoms disappeared after taking antituberculous drugs, his plain chest radiograph and computed tomography images after completion of therapy showed a new nodule with a cavity in the left lung field. Through video-assisted thoracoscopic wedge resection, Paragonimus eggs were found in the lung tissues.
Adolescent ; Cough ; Eggs ; Hemoptysis ; Humans ; Korea ; Lung ; Male ; Ovum ; Paragonimiasis* ; Paragonimus ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Rare Diseases ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary*

Background: It is vital to identify more efficient anesthesia techniques for the restorative or endodontic treatment of mandibular molars. Both articaine buccal infiltration anesthesia (ABI) and lidocaine inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia (LIANB) may not provide profound anesthesia, necessitating supplementary anesthesia. This study aimed to investigate whether lidocaine intraosseous lidocaine intraosseous anesthesia (LIO) is more suitable than ABI as primary anesthesia for caries treatment of mandibular molars. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed patients treated for advanced caries according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) 5 and 6. The study involved 48 patients, split evenly between those receiving ABI and LIO, and examined the anesthesia success rate, pain during anesthesia, onset time, duration, and post-anesthesia lower lip numbness using Chi-square and Independent T-tests. Results: In the ABI group, 17 patients (70.8%) did not require additional anesthesia, whereas all 24 patients (100%) in the LIO group did not require additional anesthesia (P < 0.001). ABI was associated with significantly higher pain during anesthesia, slower onset time, and longer duration of anesthesia than LIO. There was no significant difference in post-anesthesia lower lip numbness between the two methods. Conclusion Intraosseous anesthesia using lidocaine is more effective for treating severe caries in the mandibular molars because of its higher success rate, decreased pain during anesthesia, faster onset, and shorter recovery time.

Background: It is vital to identify more efficient anesthesia techniques for the restorative or endodontic treatment of mandibular molars. Both articaine buccal infiltration anesthesia (ABI) and lidocaine inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia (LIANB) may not provide profound anesthesia, necessitating supplementary anesthesia. This study aimed to investigate whether lidocaine intraosseous lidocaine intraosseous anesthesia (LIO) is more suitable than ABI as primary anesthesia for caries treatment of mandibular molars. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed patients treated for advanced caries according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) 5 and 6. The study involved 48 patients, split evenly between those receiving ABI and LIO, and examined the anesthesia success rate, pain during anesthesia, onset time, duration, and post-anesthesia lower lip numbness using Chi-square and Independent T-tests. Results: In the ABI group, 17 patients (70.8%) did not require additional anesthesia, whereas all 24 patients (100%) in the LIO group did not require additional anesthesia (P < 0.001). ABI was associated with significantly higher pain during anesthesia, slower onset time, and longer duration of anesthesia than LIO. There was no significant difference in post-anesthesia lower lip numbness between the two methods. Conclusion Intraosseous anesthesia using lidocaine is more effective for treating severe caries in the mandibular molars because of its higher success rate, decreased pain during anesthesia, faster onset, and shorter recovery time.

Background: It is vital to identify more efficient anesthesia techniques for the restorative or endodontic treatment of mandibular molars. Both articaine buccal infiltration anesthesia (ABI) and lidocaine inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia (LIANB) may not provide profound anesthesia, necessitating supplementary anesthesia. This study aimed to investigate whether lidocaine intraosseous lidocaine intraosseous anesthesia (LIO) is more suitable than ABI as primary anesthesia for caries treatment of mandibular molars. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed patients treated for advanced caries according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) 5 and 6. The study involved 48 patients, split evenly between those receiving ABI and LIO, and examined the anesthesia success rate, pain during anesthesia, onset time, duration, and post-anesthesia lower lip numbness using Chi-square and Independent T-tests. Results: In the ABI group, 17 patients (70.8%) did not require additional anesthesia, whereas all 24 patients (100%) in the LIO group did not require additional anesthesia (P < 0.001). ABI was associated with significantly higher pain during anesthesia, slower onset time, and longer duration of anesthesia than LIO. There was no significant difference in post-anesthesia lower lip numbness between the two methods. Conclusion Intraosseous anesthesia using lidocaine is more effective for treating severe caries in the mandibular molars because of its higher success rate, decreased pain during anesthesia, faster onset, and shorter recovery time.

Background: It is vital to identify more efficient anesthesia techniques for the restorative or endodontic treatment of mandibular molars. Both articaine buccal infiltration anesthesia (ABI) and lidocaine inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia (LIANB) may not provide profound anesthesia, necessitating supplementary anesthesia. This study aimed to investigate whether lidocaine intraosseous lidocaine intraosseous anesthesia (LIO) is more suitable than ABI as primary anesthesia for caries treatment of mandibular molars. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed patients treated for advanced caries according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) 5 and 6. The study involved 48 patients, split evenly between those receiving ABI and LIO, and examined the anesthesia success rate, pain during anesthesia, onset time, duration, and post-anesthesia lower lip numbness using Chi-square and Independent T-tests. Results: In the ABI group, 17 patients (70.8%) did not require additional anesthesia, whereas all 24 patients (100%) in the LIO group did not require additional anesthesia (P < 0.001). ABI was associated with significantly higher pain during anesthesia, slower onset time, and longer duration of anesthesia than LIO. There was no significant difference in post-anesthesia lower lip numbness between the two methods. Conclusion Intraosseous anesthesia using lidocaine is more effective for treating severe caries in the mandibular molars because of its higher success rate, decreased pain during anesthesia, faster onset, and shorter recovery time.

This review aims to define the 4 types of the metaverse and to explain the potential and limitations of its educational applications. The metaverse roadmap categorizes the metaverse into 4 types: augmented reality, lifelogging, mirror world, and virtual reality. An example of the application of augmented reality in medical education would be an augmented reality T-shirt that allows students to examine the inside of the human body as an anatomy lab. Furthermore, a research team in a hospital in Seoul developed a spinal surgery platform that applied augmented reality technology. The potential of the metaverse as a new educational environment is suggested to be as follows: a space for new social communication; a higher degree of freedom to create and share; and the provision of new experiences and high immersion through virtualization. Some of its limitations may be weaker social connections and the possibility of privacy impingement; the commission of various crimes due to the virtual space and anonymity of the metaverse; and maladaptation to the real world for students whose identity has not been established. The metaverse is predicted to change our daily life and economy beyond the realm of games and entertainment. The metaverse has infinite potential as a new social communication space. The following future tasks are suggested for the educational use of the metaverse: first, teachers should carefully analyze how students understand the metaverse; second, teachers should design classes for students to solve problems or perform projects cooperatively and creatively; third, educational metaverse platforms should be developed that prevent misuse of student data.

The method of single-cell RNA sequencing has been rapidly developed, and numerous experiments have been conducted over the past decade. Their results allow us to recognize various subpopulations and rare cell states in tissues, tumors, and immune systems that are previously unidentified, and guide us to understand fundamental biological processes that determine cell identity based on single-cell gene expression profiles. However, it is still challenging to understand the principle of comprehensive gene regulation that determines the cell fate only with transcriptome, a consequential output of the gene expression program. To elucidate the mechanisms related to the origin and maintenance of comprehensive single-cell transcriptome, we require a corresponding single-cell epigenome, which is a differentiated information of each cell with an identical genome. This review deals with the current development of single-cell epigenomic library construction methods, including multi-omics tools with crucial factors and additional requirements in the future focusing on DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, and histone post-translational modifications. The study of cellular differentiation and the disease occurrence at a single-cell level has taken the first step with single-cell transcriptome and is now taking the next step with single-cell epigenome.