OBJECTIVE: This study assessed whether both physical disability and perceived dependence relate to depression or whether perceived dependence in personal care activities, household activities, community mobility and recreational activities is an intermediate step in the relationship between physical disability and depressive symptoms. METHODS: Data come from a cross-sectional survey of 209 women, aged 55 or older, with osteoarthritis (OA). Mediation analyses occurred in four step and included logistic regression analyses as outlined by Baron & Kenny. RESULTS: The results from step 1 showed that greater difficulty with each domain of physical disabilities was significantly related to greater perceived dependence. In step 2, greater perceived dependence was significantly associated with greater depressive symptoms in all domains. Step 3 analyses showed that greater physical disabilities in each domain were significantly associated with depression. The final step testing mediation indicated that personal care activities, household activities and community mobility were fully mediated by perceived dependence. That was, once dependence was taken into account, the relationship between physical disabilities and depression was no longer significant. Partial mediation was found for dependence and recreational activity limitations. CONCLUSION: It is important to take into account the experience of perceived dependence as a mediator in understanding the relationship between disability and depression in the domains of personal care, household, and community mobility. To conclude, these findings point to the importance of taking into account an individual's reaction to their disability rather than just focusing on the severity of disability.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression* ; Exercise Test ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Negotiating ; Osteoarthritis*

BACKGROUND: Inaccuracies associated with target-controlled infusion (TCI) delivery systems are attributable to both software and hardware issues, as well as pharmacokinetic variability. However, little is known about the inaccuracy of the syringe pump operating in TCI mode. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the TCI pump based on international standards.METHODS: A test apparatus for accuracy evaluation of a syringe pump (PION TCI®, Bionet Co. Ltd.) was designed to apply the gravimetric method. Pump accuracy was evaluated in terms of deviation defined by the following equation: infusion rate deviation (%) = (Rate(mea) − Rate(est)) / Rate(est) × 100, where Rate(mea) is the infusion rate (ml/h) as measured by the gravimetric system, and Rate(est) is the infusion rate (ml/h) as estimated by the pump. An infusion rate representing TCI mode was determined from previous clinical trial data which evaluated the predictive performance of the pharmacokinetic model. The PION TCI pump used in that clinical trial was used to evaluate accuracy of the syringe pump. The distribution of infusion rates obtained from the clinical trial was calculated, and the median value of the distribution was determined as the representative value.RESULTS: The representative infusion rate representing TCI mode was 31 ml/h, at which the infusion rate deviation was 4.5 ± 1.6%.CONCLUSIONS: The inaccuracy of the syringe pump contributing to TCI system inaccuracy is insignificant.
Mesons ; Methods ; Syringes

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the relationship between individual-level social capital and depression. And, we assessed if depressive symptom mediates the relationship between social capital and self-rated health status. METHODS: Data from the 2011 Community Health Survey were analyzed for this study. We used chi-square tests and analyzed a four step approach in which several regression analyses were conducted and significance of the coefficients was examined at each step. RESULTS: In men, the results of controlling mediating factor (depression): social participation was not significantly associated with self-rated health status(p=0.082), the finding supports that social participation was fully mediated by depression. In women, the relationship between social capital(trust, social participation) and self-rated health status was partially mediated by depression. CONCLUSIONS: In order to increase self rated health status, not only improvement in trust and social participation are needed but effort to reduce depression must be combined.
Depression* ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Negotiating* ; Social Participation*

Background: The performance of the pulse oximeter was evaluated based on the ISO 80601-2-61:2011 (E) guidelines. This study aimed to determine whether the various finger probes of the MP570T pulse oximeter (MEK-ICS Co., Ltd., Korea) would provide clinically reliable peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) readings over a range of 70100% arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) during non-motion conditions. Methods: Each volunteer (n = 12) was connected to a breathing circuit for the administration of a hypoxic gas mixture. For frequent blood sampling, an arterial cannula was placed in a radial artery. The following seven pulse oximeter probes were simultaneously attached to each volunteer’s fingers: (1) WA-100 reusable finger probe (MEDNIS Co., Ltd., Korea), (2) MDNA disposable finger probe (MEDNIS Co., Ltd.), (3) IS-1011 disposable finger probe (Insung Medical Co., Ltd., Korea), (4) CJ340NA disposable finger probe (CHUN JI IN Medical Co., Ltd., Korea), (5) NellcorTM OxiMax DS-100A reusable finger probe (Medtronic, USA), (6) NellcorTM OxiMax MAX-N disposable finger probe (Medtronic), and (7) OXI-PRO DA disposable finger probe (Bio-Protech Inc., Korea). Results: A total of 275 SpO2-SaO2 pairs were included in the analysis. The accuracy of the root mean square (Arms) of each probe was 2.83%, 3.98%, 3.75%, 6.84%, 3.43%, 5.17%, and 3.84%, respectively. Conclusions The MP570T pulse oximeter with WA-100 reusable, MDNA disposable, IS-1011 disposable, NellcorTM OxiMax DS-100A reusable, and OXI-PRO DA disposable finger probes meets an acceptable standard of SpO2 accuracy under non-motion conditions.