Artificial abortion and euthanasia are serious ethical Issues in medical field. However, the ways to solve them would be different according to the culture and customs of a country. In Korea, the rate of artificial abortion is so high that many people tend to consider it as a personal misfortune rather than an ethical mischief. National policy to control the population and souety's traditional preference for sons over daughters have fostered the tendency. For euthanasia, especially "passive euthanasia", most Korean people think it acceptable if under proper condition, and many doctors consent to it. In such circumstances, it is not much of necessity to debate on the ethical righteousness of artificial abortion or woman's right to choose it. More important thing is how we can reduce the number of abortion cases and protect woman's health against the side effects of "unnecessary" abortion. Proper education, public relation, and cooperation with civil or religious groups will be helpful to achieve this goal, and we physicians should try to do it. "Passive euthanasia" is thought to be ethically acceptable in the view of traditional customs, social justice, and welfare of the patient. However, "active euthanasia" harbors great ethical risks in current situation. Therefore, we should prepare and establish a proper process and system that patients, doctors, and the whole society can accept. "Advance directives" or "living will" would be good options if well modified to our culture. For all these, the education and training of professinals in this area is urgent.
Education ; Ethics ; Ethics, Medical ; Euthanasia* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Nuclear Family ; Social Justice ; Women's Health ; Women's Rights

No abstract available.
Humans ; Male ; Nursing* ; Urinary Incontinence*

The development of Korean medical journals is summarized as the following: 1) Until the early 1960s there were not basic medical journals except Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology (first issued in the year of 1958), so researchers of basic medical science had difficulty in publishing their articles. 2) Many of the basic medical journals made their first appearance around the mid-1960s, but the progress was not striking until the mid-1980s. 3) From the mid-1980s most of the journals rapidly developed in the aspect of quality as well as quantity. The increase in the number of issues per year and articles per an issue, and the increment of the articles written in English are remarkably found. The increase in the number of researchers, appropriate education and training, improvement of the research facilities, the growth of research fund, and increment of the international academic exchange are thought to be the main factors of such development. Besides those factors, the devotion of the editors of the journals played the important role.
English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Korea ; Periodicals/*history ; Research/*history ; Science/*history

The introduction and practice of smallpox(cowpox) vaccination was officially done in 1879 by Chi Seok-young, but we know that already in 1835 Cheong Yak-yong, a great scholar and politician of the late period of Chos?n, got a small pamphlet about cowpox vaccination named New Treatise on the Smallpox Vaccination from Beijing. The second edition of the pamphlet was published in 1828 in Beijing. According to Kim Du Jong and Miki Sakae, Cheong Yak-yong might have got it through Korean Roman Catholic group corresponding with the French Catholic Missionary in Beijing but hided it secretly for the official oppression to the Catholicism. Cheong was a member of the group of young scholars that introduced Catholicism into Korea in 1784 and leaded this movement for a time, but officially betrayed his faith since 1791. So there is little historical documents to support the claim that two conflicting groups of scholars continue to debate. One group argues that Cheong betrayed his faith completely and left the Church since the persecution of Sinyu year(1801), but the other claims that he remained as believer in heart, only to hide his faith for the fear of official oppression. In such a horror of terrible persecution did he really communicate with Catholic group who often went to Beijing? We don't know what really was. Therefore the purpose of this article is to collect the circumstantial evidences for the assumption about 'the introduction of smallpox vaccination by Catholic group' and to evaluate the possibility. From the documents of the Church of that time we can know that a few of Catholic believers actively communicated with missionaries in Beijing for the employment of priests. The agents of Korean Catholic Church visited Beijing almost annually disguised in the official diplomatic visit, where they met French missionaries, discussed their route to Korea, sent letters, and traded of the bibles, holy books and religious materials from 1828(the publication year of the pamphlet) to 1835(the year Cheong Yak-yong died). It was a most active period in the History of Korean Catholic Church. Especially Cheong Ha-sang, nephew of Cheong Yak-yong, was the central figure leading this movement with Yu Jin-kil who was an official translator in a high position and a very erudite man. They often visited Beijing, and where they could have seen the pamphlet about smallpox vaccination and taken it to Cheong secretly. The Church of that time valued medical activity as an effective mean of their mission, which is well illustrated in the letters and documents of the missionary in Korea. Smallpox was a very severe health problem in Korea and the mortality of children was extremely high. The first Korean priest Father Kim asked the missionary in Beijing to send a prescription for smallpox. Cheong Yak-yong had a great interest in medicine, especially in smallpox, wrote some books devoting this subject. He also asserted continual study and introduction of new knowledge, which we can know from the statement that he rewrote MagwaHoetong for seven times. He knew and trusted the Western science and technology as other Korean Roman Catholics. It can not be completely confirmed that he really reacted religious practices after returned from his 18 year exile as the claim of Church, but at least he recorded the history of Korean Catholic Church and was interested in the affairs of it, that known from the notes of Bishop Daveluy who preached gospel in Korea, to be martyred in 1866. He said repeatedly in the notes and letters that Cheong wrote and provided the basic material necessary to construct the history of Korean Catholic Church. On the basis of that information Bishop Daveluy tried to edit the History, but the task was finally accomplished by his successor Father Dallet, who wrote History of Korean Catholic Church(1874). From his statement Cheong hided his records of Korean Catholic Church and showed it to very few number of selected people, small group of friends and relatives. The similar situation is shown in the statement of Yi Kyu-kyoung, a scholar of Silhak school of 19th century, about smallpox vaccination in Korea in mid 19th century. He said Cheong had a book of the vaccination but hided it and showed to some limited people. Cheong also wrote secretly memorial addresses for some of his friends died in Sinyu Persecution. His son Hak-sang was baptized too. From those facts we can assume that Cheong Yak-yong was not totally disconnected from the Church as officially documented but continued works relating with it secretly under the severe persecution. In this small pamphlet the phrases suggesting its own origin from the West were carefully erased, which might have disguised its relation with the Catholicism. Yi Kyu-kyoung also said he had heard about smallpox vaccination from Nam Sang-kyo, who was a sincere catholic. It is suggested that small group of Roman Catholics knew the method but it could not be widely practiced. Because it seemed to be strange and odd to general Korean people and the Catholic believers were generally isolated in the deep mountain valley or so from the general population to escape the persecution. Chos?n government rigorously prohibited the import of foreign(Western) books and materials from China for protecting the country from the invasion of 'Western barbarians' since late 18th century. The ones committing this regulation were destined to get severe punishments. So were the related. Thousands of people were tortured and sentenced to death under the accusation of "believing foreign superstition and betraying his mother country". In such a condition who dared to get foreign materials and expose it except Catholics? We can think other routes. For example Hong Seok-joo, a high ranking official of the Chos?n government, secretly asked a Chinese official to get some books including Western books when he visited Beijing in 1831. He was an editor of MabangTonghwi, medical book about smallpox edited on the base of MagwaHoetong of Cheong. It is possible that he introduced New Treatise on the Smallpox Vaccination to Cheong. He was a relative of Cheong and some of Catholic martyrs, so he might have understanding of Catholicism. If he did, it was also done in the context of Western culture imported by Korean Catholic Church. Considering the above facts we can suggest the higher possibility of the introduction of smallpox vaccination through Catholic groups with Cheong Yak-yong. Of course other routes could have been available, but its possibility seems to be comparatively low.

Epidemic diseases in the early Choson period were big problems to the people and society. However, the weapons to the epidemic diseases were very limited at that time. There were few drugs and well-trained practitioners for people. Most people could only depend on religious means and simple folklore medicine including inhalation of specific flavor. People tried to overcome or prevent the epidemics by praying, sorcery, ornaments, runaway and isolation. In most cases, the epidemic diseases came with or broke out from the famine, severe labour (especially in civil engineering) imposed by the ruling class. The epidemics of that time are thought to be typhoid fever, epidemic typhus, or similar febrile diseases.
Communicable Disease Control/*history ; Disease Outbreaks/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, Medieval ; Human ; Korea

Respiration has been well known as a basic phenomenon of life since the ancient times, but the explanation of which was varied. In most theories the respiration and the body heat of animal had been different phenomena until the early 19th century. After the Lavoisier's experiments in the late 18th century, combustion and respiration came to be considered as the same phenomenon. Through many discoveries and efforts of scientists in the field of chemistry, physics and biology, Justus Liebig, a German organic chemist, established the modern theory of the respiration of animal in the mid 19th century, where respiration was viewed as the origin of all energy of animal. The more detailed biochemical mechanisms were found in the 20th century.

PURPOSE: This study aims to introduce a one semester 'Global Citizenship' program, being offered as a part of the premedical course at Gachon Medical School. The program was designed to meet the community needs in terms of etiquette and manner education for the future physicians and also to review the outcome of short-term experience. METHODS: The program was offered to M1(premedical students year-1) students from the first semester after entrance to the school with following objectives: to understand the anthropological aspect of culture, to motivate students in relation to medical scientific foundation, and to develop the appropriate human relations, including international etiquette and manners, prior to the subinternship in M5(medical student year-3). RESULTS: The program consisted of 12 sessions of lectures and/or practice-based learning such as etiquette for dormitory life, Korean traditional culture, gender role in the 21st century, dining etiquette in various cultural programs, netiquette(for computer usage), Korean housing and its architectural beauty, etiquette for alcoholic beverage drinking, dressing, and the respect and understanding of other cultures, services and manners. They were all instructed with presentations combined with site-visits or hands-on experience followed by a reflection paper and group discussion. Although the program was costly and time-consuming compared to the traditional theory-based natural science and humanity subjects, students expressed their strong motivation and concerns on their future responsibilities. CONCLUSION: We conclude that "Global Citizenship" course is a useful program to provide a meaningful motivation to the newly enrolled students, Further, it encourages students to understand human relations as a global citizen equipped with the appropriate etiquette and manners.
Alcoholic Beverages ; Bandages ; Beauty ; Drinking ; Education ; Gender Identity ; Housing ; Humans ; Learning ; Lectures ; Motivation ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Problem-Based Learning ; Schools, Medical

PURPOSE: A new classification of gastrointestinal food allergy was published, but the changes of terminology between previously reported terms and the new ones were in a state of disorder. This has resulted in confusion between medical communication and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The clinical observations of infants presenting with gastrointestinal cow milk allergy (GI-CMA) were performed, and the changes in the terminology reviewed through the published Korean literature. METHODS: Between March 2003 and July 2003, data from 37 consecutive infants with GI-CMA, aged 2 weeks to 15 months, were reviewed. The challenge and elimination test of cow milk, and the endoscopic and histologic findings, were used for the seven subdivisions of GI-CMA according to a new classification on the basis of patients' ages, clinical manifestations and location of gastrointestinal lesions. RESULTS: The 37 patients had a mean age of 5.4+/-4.8 months, with those observed in 26 (70.3%) of patients being below 6 months of age. The seven final diagnoses were; cow milk protein-induced enterocolitis (CMPIE) in 12 (32.4%), cow milk protein proctitis (PROC) in 12 (32.4%), IgE-mediated (IGE) in 6 (16.2%), gastroesophageal reflux-associated cow milk allergy (GERA) in 5 (13.5%) and eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis in 2 (5.4%). CMPIE was revealed as the typical type in 7 (18.9%) and the atypical type in 5 (13.5%), and all of typical CMPIE revealed cow milk protein-induced enteropathy. The mean age at symptom onset was 4.3+/-0.8 months, and for those with typical and atypical CMPIE, and PROC and GERA were 3.8+/-4.6, 10.4+/-3.8, 3.4+/-3.9 and 7.8+/-5.7 months, respectively (p<0.05). The period from onset of symptom to diagnosis was 2.4+/-3.3 (0.5~12) months, with those observed in atypical CMPIE and GERA being over 3months. Although the birth weights in all patients were within the 10~90 percentile range, the body weights on diagnoses were below the 3 percentile in 48.6%; IGE 16.7%, EOS 0%, typical CMPIE 85.7%, atypical CMPIE 60.0%, PROC 25.0% and GERA 100% (p<0.05). Through the review of the Korean literature, 8 case reports and 14 original articles for GI-CMA were found. CONCLUSION: GI-CMA is not a rare clinical disorder and is subdivided into seven categories on the basis of the patient's age, clinical manifestations and location of the gastrointestinal lesions. The terms for GI-CMA are changing with new classifications, and careful approaches are necessary for medical communications.
Birth Weight ; Body Weight ; Child* ; Classification* ; Diagnosis ; Enterocolitis ; Eosinophils ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Infant ; Milk Hypersensitivity* ; Milk Proteins ; Milk* ; Proctitis

PURPOSE: To compare the mammographic features and histologic subtypes of ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS) of the breast. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mammograms of 34 patients with DCIS of the breast detected between January 1992 and November 1998 were retrospectively analyzed. Histologic subtypes were classified as either comedo or noncomedo. Mammographic findings were classified in one of four ways : microcalcification only, microcalcification with mass, mass or asymmetrical density only, or normal. Microcalcifications was classified as either predominantly casting or granular. We also determined whether microcalcification was multifocal. RESULTS: Histologic examination revealed the comedo type in eight patients and the noncomedo type in 26. Among the eight comedo-type cases, mammography demonstrated microcalcification only in five and micro-calcification with mass in three. Among 26 noncomedo-type cases, microcalcifications only was seen in ten, microcalcification with mass in two, mass or asymmetrical density only in six, and normal features in eight. Six of the comedo type were predominantly casting and two were predominantly granular. Predominantly casting calcification was present in four of 12 cases of the noncomedo type and predominatly granular was in eight. Multifocality was seen in four comedo-type cases, but in none of those that were of the noncomedo type. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the comedo subtype of DCIS of the breast is more likely than the noncomedo subtype to be accompanied by microcalcification of the predominantly casting type. Multifocally located microcalcification is a more frequent feature of the comedo subtype than of the noncomedo subtype.
Breast ; Carcinoma, Ductal* ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating* ; Humans ; Mammography ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND: Toenail onychomycosis still remains difficult to treat. Pulse therapy of itraconazole is frequently prescribed to lighten the patient's burden of economical problems, frequent side effects, resulting in good compliance. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of pulse therapy of itraconazole. METHODS: From March to September 1996, a total of 108 patients with onychomycosis of toenail diagnosed at Department of Dermatology of 5 university hospitals, were enrolled in a subject group for the study. Itraconazole was administered, 200 mg twice daily, in every first week of 3 consecutive months. Clinical symptoms and sings with or without mycologic findings were assessed at baseline, at the end of 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 weeks after the start of therapy. RESULTS: Fifty six patients (male 22, female 34; mean age 44.0+/-13.3) completed the follow-ups. As causative agents, Trichophyton(T.) rubrum was isolated in 51 of them, T. mentagrophytes 2, and yeast 3. Decrease in initial percentages of patients showing pathologic changes in target nail at the last follow-up 12 months after starting therapy : for onycholysis, from 51.8% to 21.4%; for subungual hyperkeratosis, from 96.4% to 39.3%; for nail discoloration, from 100.0% to 50.0%. Mycological cure rate was 82.1% at the last follow-up. Overall clinical responses evaluated at the last follow-up were cured in 28 patients (50.0%), 'markedly improved' in 15 (26.8%), 'moderately improved' in 9 (16.1%), and 'deteriorated' in 4 (7.1%), making a clinical response rate of 92.9%. During therapy, transient epigastric pain and indigestion developed in 2 patients (3.6%), respectively. CONCLUSION: With these results, itraconazole pulse therapy is considered an effective and safe treatment modality for onychomycosis of toenail.
Compliance ; Dermatology ; Dyspepsia ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Itraconazole* ; Nails* ; Onycholysis ; Onychomycosis* ; Yeasts