The purpose of this study is to verify nutrient intake status and prevalence of obesity in vegetarians non-vegetarians and non-vegetarians. The vegetarian subjects consisted of 127 Buddhist nuns(age:23-79 yrs) from Oonmoon Temple on the Choungdo District of Gyeongsang Bookdo Province and 118 Buddhist nuns practicing Zen meditation at Soodeok Temple in Yeosan District of Chongcheong Namdoo Province. Control subjects were 235 healthy female adults aged from 23 to 79 years old. They were teachers and nurses at the hospital of Gyeongsang National University and housewives living in Chinju, Gyeingsang Namdoo Province. The study was conducted from October 1996 to February 1997, and consisted of a survey and anthropometric measurement. The results are summarized as follows : The average age of the subjects was 44.2 yrs for vegetarians and 40.5 yrs for non-vegetarians. The average body mass index(BMI) of vegetarians and non-vegetarians was 22.4 and 21.0, the waist hip ratio(WHR) was 0.8 and 0.8, and the percentage of body fat was 28.7 and 26.5 respectively. The average duration of vegetarian diet among vegetarians was 13.1 years. The nutrient intakes of vegetarians were above the RDA for all the nutrients expect calcium and vitamin A. The intakes of fat, cholesterol, saturated fatty acid and the energy ratio from fat among the vegetarians were significantly lower than those of the non-vegetarians(p<0.01). However, the vegetarians consumed significantly higher amounts of fiber and vitamin C compared to the non-vegetarians(p<0.01). Also, the ratio of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid was significantly higher in vegetarians. The prevalence of obesity was 13.9% for vegetarians and 11.9% for non-vegetarians by criteria of BMI 25 as obese.
Adipose Tissue ; Adult ; Aged ; Ascorbic Acid ; Calcium ; Cholesterol ; Diet, Vegetarian ; Female ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Hip ; Humans ; Meditation ; Obesity* ; Prevalence* ; Vitamin A

PURPOSE: This study was carried out in an attempt to find weight control behaviors (BMI, experiences of weight control, weight control related factors, etc.) of college female students. METHOD: The subjects were 596 female students in 104 universities and colleges in Korea. Data was collected by using a questionnaire developed through a pretest. RESULT: Seventy five percent of subjects were in the normal range in weight, but 63.8% have experienced weight control behaviors and 58.9% have worried about their weight. Middle and high school was the first time to have concerns about their weight/body image. In addition, the influence towards weight control was mainly by mass communication. Weight control frequency in the most recent most year correlated with concern about weight, first time of weight control, maximum maintaining period of losing weight and BMI. CONCLUSION: To ensure resonable body image and weight control behaviors in women, education has to begin in elementary schools. In the case of weight control, scientific and systematic weight reduction programs should be developed.
Body Image ; Education ; Female* ; Humans ; Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reference Values ; Weight Loss ; Weight Reduction Programs

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrients intakes and nutritional quality of Adults and Elderly People in an island area (Wando). A three-day dietary intakes survey, using a 24 hour recall method was obtained from 187 subjects aged 46 to 84 (mean age 65.3) living in an island area (Wando). Nutient intakes were analyzed using CAN-pro soft program and compared to Korean RDA. The quality of nutrients was assessed by analyzing nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and index of nutritional quality (INQ). The average daily mean energy intakes were 1869.0 kcal for males and 1943.9 kcal for females, respectively. Daily intakes of protein for males and females were 28.0 and 30.4 g and those of fat were 31.5 and 28.51 g, respectively. Nutrient consumed below 75% of Korean RDA was protein, vitamin A, Ca and Zn in both males and females. Average CPF ratio of males and females were 78.8 : 6.0 : 15.1 and 80.0 : 6.4 : 13.4, respectively. Energy intake ratio from protein was significantly higher in over 60 years males. Carbohydrate dependency decreased with age. Protein dependency increased with age. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of energy, protein, vitamin A and vitamin E were increased with age in males. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, were not significantly different by age group. Average MAR for males and females was 0.77 and 0.78, respectively. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) showed the tendency to decrease with age. Especially, there were significantly decreases in INQ of all nutrients, except protein, with age. Based on these results, it is evident that people in the island area did not consume enough nutrients. Specially, dietary intake of protein, vitamin A, vitamin E, and Ca were not adequate.
Adult ; Aged* ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nutritive Value ; Vitamin A ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in energy and macronutrient intakes during the premenstrual(days -10-1) and postmenstrual(days 5-14) phases. Thirty-two college female students recorded their food consumption and dietary patterns over 5 weeks from September 8 to October 12, 1997. Mean daily energy and macronutrient intakes and the percentage of energy intake from protein and carbohydrate were relatively consstant over the two menstrual cycle phases, but the energy intake from fat increased 1%(P<0.05)during the postmenstrual phase. Two different dietary patterns were identified by the shifts in energy intake between postmenstrual and premenstrual phases. Seventy five percent of subjects revealed a consistent pattern with the results of previous studies investigating food intake over the menstrual cycle, in which the premenstrual phase is associated with an increment in energy, carbohydrate, and protein intake. Incontrast, energy, protein, and fat intakes increased during the postmenstrual phase in 25% of the subjects. We conclude that cyclical fluctuations in energy and macronutrient intakes occur in both postmenstrual and premenstrual dietary pattern groups across the two menstrual phased with the opposite directions.
Eating ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Menstrual Cycle*

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance has been identified as one of the risk factor of atherosclerosis. Hypertension, obesity, glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia could induce atherosclerosis through mechanism of insulin resistance. And there are some reports that hyperinsulinemia itself could induce coronary artery disease(CAD). Then we planed to investigate relationship between CAD and insulin resistance. And smoking is also known as one major risk factor of CAD. So we also investigated the relationship between smoking and insulin resistance in the CAD patients. METHODS: Among 36 subjects in whom coronary angiography was done, we grouped 25 subjects who had stenotic coronary artery as a CAD group and 11 subjects without stenosis as control group. We compared insulin and glucose response to oral glucose load(75g), serum lipid concentrations, blood pressure, and degree of obesity between two groups. We also divided CAD group into smoking and nonsmoking subgroups, compared the above parameters. RESULTS: 1) There were no significant difference in body mass index, blood pressure, creatinine, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, between the CAD group and the control group. There were significantly higher incidence of smokers in CAD group. 2) Insulin concentration at 120 minutes after glucose load were significantly higher in the CAD group than the control group. 3) In the CAD group, fasting plasma insulin concentration insulin area, peak plasma insulin concentration and insulin concentration at 60,90,120 minutes after glucose load were significantly higher in non-smoking group. CONCLUSION: Enhanced insulin reponse such as higher insulin concentration 60 minutes after glucose load in the CAD group suggests that insulin resistance is a risk factor of CAD. And insulin response was more pronounced in the non-smoker subgroup than smoker subgroup in the CAD patients. Thus role of insulin resistance in provoking coronary artery disease is more important in the non-smoker.
Atherosclerosis ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Creatinine ; Dyslipidemias ; Fasting ; Glucose ; Glucose Intolerance ; Humans ; Hyperinsulinism ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Insulin Resistance* ; Insulin* ; Obesity ; Plasma ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

The technique of in situ hybridization using synthetic oligonucleotides labelled by non-radioactive method was developed to localize vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, arginine-vasopressin and oxytocin mRNAs in the rat brain. Also double in situ hybridization technique where combination of non-radioactive and radioactive probes were applied was developed to localize 2 neuropeptide mRNAs in single tissue section. The results were as follows; In non-radioactive in situ hybridization methods using digoxigenin-labelled oligonucleotide probe, alkaline-phosphates method using NBT and BCIP as substrates gave the best result that specific hybridization signals were observed. In radioactive in situ hybridization methods using 35S-labelled oligonucleotide probe, specific hybridization signals were observed in both nuclear track emulsion and X-ray film autoradiography. In double in situ hybridization methods using combination of 35S-labelled and digoxigenin-labelled oligonucleotide probes, specific hybridization signals were observed in the group where K5 emulsion was applied as nuclear track emulsion. The technique of in situ hybridization using digoxigenin-labelled oligonucleotide applied in this study will be useful as alternative for radioactive in situ hybridization technique. Moreover, combination of non-radioactive and radioactive labelled probes in double in situ hybridization technique will be a useful tool for the simultaneous localization of various mRNAs in single section for the study of various neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, receptors and signal transduction molecules.
Aging ; Animals ; Autoradiography ; Brain* ; Corpus Callosum ; Digoxigenin ; In Situ Hybridization* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mesencephalon ; Neuropeptides ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Oligonucleotides ; Oxytocin* ; Pons ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger* ; Signal Transduction ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide* ; Vasopressins* ; X-Ray Film

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aims of this study were to identify real world treatment patterns of hypertension according to cardiovascular risk stratification and to evaluate blood pressure changes with anti-hypertensive treatment in each risk group. METHODS: This study included patients who were newly-diagnosed with hypertension or known hypertensive patients with uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) at seven tertiary hospitals in Busan and Ulsan. World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) cardiovascular risk stratification was performed through retrospective chart review. RESULTS: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers were the most frequently prescribed drugs. The higher WHO/ISH risk group received a greater number of drugs at the initial treatment, and one year after treatment. Target BP was achieved less frequently in the higher risk group (68.2% vs. 85.2% vs. 89.0%, p < 0.001). The rate of attaining target BP was lower (50.7% vs. 81.6%, p < 0.001), and the time to attaining target BP was longer (106.5 +/- 79.2 days vs. 82.1 +/- 75.3, p = 0.001), in patients with renal disease or diabetes. Initial systolic BP above 160 mmHg (OR: 4.91, 95% CI: 2.27~10.65), renal disease (3.42, 1.60~7.32), medium or high risk group status (2.27, 1.23~4.20), initial diastolic BP above 100 mmHg (2.11, 1.11~4.04), and diabetes (2.06, 1.29~3.25) were independent factors that predicted failure of attaining the target BP. CONCLUSIONS: BP control was relatively unsatisfactory in patients with higher initial BP, renal disease, higher WHO/ISH risk group status, and diabetes. Individualized approaches for such patients are needed to improve BP control in routine clinical practice.
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; Blood Pressure ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Tertiary Care Centers ; World Health ; World Health Organization