INTRODUCTION: In 1910 phenylephrine hydrochloride was introduced first by Barger and Dale. Phenylephrine hydrochloride is a synthetic sympathomimetic compound structurally similar to epinephrine and ephedrine. Synthetic phenylephrine hydrochloride is clinically used as a nasal decongestant, vasopressor and mydriatic, etc.. The use of phenylephrine hydrochloride in ophthalmological practice is based on its action of vasoconstriction and mydriasis. Phenylephrine hyrdochloride has been introduced in U.S.A. as 10 % neosynephrine (U.S.P.) and in Japan as 5 % neosynesine. It's usefulness in therapy and examination is due to the following characteristics; (1) Rapid effect, (2) No influence on intraocular pressure nor on accommodation, (3) No undesirable side reaction. In many countries including U.S.A. and Japan. they reported experimentally and clinically in detail about the mydriatic action of phenylephrine hydrochloride but unfortunately there is no data concerning mydriatic action of phenylephrine hydrochloride in Koreans in spite of its wide use in ophthalmology. The study was performed for dilatation of the pupil, influence on intraocular pressure and accommodation, antagonistic action to pilocarpine, and side reaction after instillation of 10 % neosynephrine (U.S.P.) by the following method. METHOD AND MATERIAL: Material; 10 % Neosynephrine hydrochloride (U.S.P.), 2 % Pilocarpine. Subjects; 228 Korean normal eyes (6-84 yrs. old). METHOD: 1. Dilatation of the pupil (176 eyes). Group 1; One drop of 10 % neosynephrine instilled into 75 eyes. Over 60 yrs. old--10 eyes, 36-59 yrs. old--17 eyes, Under 35 yrs. old--48 eyes. Group 2; Two drops of 10 % neosynephrine instilled into 59 eyes. Over 60 yrs. old--2, eyes 39-59 yrs. old--17 eyes, Under 35 yrs, old--40 eyes. Group 3; Three drops of 10 % neosynephrine instilled into 42 eyes. Over 60 yrs. old--7 eyes, 36-59 yrs. old-14 eyes, Under 35 yrs. old-21 eyes. Interval between each instillation was two or three minutes. After instillation of 10 % neosynephrine into the eyes, the diameter of the pupils was measured frequently till maximum dilatation. 2. Influence on the intraocular pressure (25 eyes). After measurement of the intraocular pressure and diameter of the pupil in eacheyes, one drop of 10 % neosynephrine was instilled into 9 eyes and two drops into 10 eyes, and three drops into 6 eyes. After that measurement of intraocular pressure and diameter of the pupil was done every 10 minutes for 90 minutes and 2 and 3 hrs. later. 3. Influence on accommodation. The diameter of the pupil and distance of N.P.C. were measured before instillation of neosynephrine and every 10 minutes interval for 90 minutes and at 2 and 3 hrs. after instillation of 10 % neosynephrine into 23 eyes (one drop into 8 eyes, two drops into 10 eyes, three drops into 5 eyes). 4. Antagonistic action of 2 % pilocarpine to mydriatic action of 10 % neosynephrine. In two eyes of a 26 yrs. old man, diameter of the pupil was measured and compared in both eyes before instillation of one drop of 10 % neosynephrine and in 10 minutes interval to 90 minutes, at 2 and 3 hrs. after instillation of one drop of 10 % neosynephrine intoboth eyes. Then one drop of 2 % pilocarpine was instiIled into only the right eye at 50 minutes after first instillation of neosynephrine. One drop of 10 % neosynephrine was instilled into both eyes of a 23 yrs. old man, two drops into both eyes of a 20 yrs. old man. and three drops into both eyes of a man aged 22 yrs. One drop of 2 % pilocarpine was instilled into only the right eye of each person, respectively at 40 minutes (22 yrs. old eye), 50 minutes (20 yrs. old eye), and 60 minutes. (23 yrs. old eye) after first instillation of neosynephrine. The diameter of the pupil, the distance of N.P.c., and the intraocular pressure were measured and compared in both eyes of each person befere instillation and at 10 minutes intervals for 90 minutes. and at two and three hrs. after first instillation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 1. In most of 176 eyes, the diameter of the pupils reached more than 7.5mm (maximum dilatation) and they took an average of 42 minutes to reach their maximum dilatation Among them, the shortest was 26 minutes and the longest 75 minutes. 2. The time the pupil takes to reach its maximum dilatation is a little differance between group 1 (one drop of neosynephrne instilled) and group 2 (two drops of neosynephrine instilled) but definetely shorter in group 3 (three drops of neosynepphrine instilled). 3. 10 % neosynephrine has little influence on intraocular pressure. 4. 10 % neosynephrine has slight influence on accommodation (slight paresis of accommodation) in about half of 26 eyes hut they have no disturbance at near work (Table 2 and 3). 5. 2 % pilocarpine constricts the dilated pupil more quickly than if not used (Table 4.). 6. Age has no effect on dilatation of the pupil due to instillation of 10 % neosynephrine. 7. No undesirable side reaction was noted.
Dilatation ; Ephedrine ; Epinephrine ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Japan ; Mydriasis ; Ophthalmology ; Paresis ; Phenylephrine* ; Pilocarpine ; Pupil ; Vasoconstriction

No abstract available.
Chromosome Aberrations* ; Korea*

There are evidences that occlusal splint therapy is critical to diagnose hidden skeleto-occlusal disharmonies in malocclusion patients and capable of enhancing stability after orthodontic treatment. In addition, evidences have implicated occlusal splint therapy in condylar positional changes during TMJ disorder treatment. In view of these evidences, this study was performed to investigate the effect of occlusal splint therapy on condylar positional changes in malocclusion patients and the possible clinical application of the occlusal splint as an additional orthodontic tool. For this study, 8 Angle's Class I malocclusion patients, who had centric occlusion-centric relation discrepancy within 1.0 mm and had no clinical symptoms of TMJ disorder, were selected as control group. And 22 malocclusion patients who had centric occlusion-centric relation discrepancy over 1.0mm were selected and subdivided as Class I Malocclusion group, Class II div. 1 malocclusion group, Class II div. 2 malocclusion group, Open bite group, and Mandibular asymmetry group. For each subject the occlusal splint with mutually protected type of occlusal scheme was applied for 3 months. Condylar positions in centric relation and centric occlusion were measured using Panadent articulators and Panadent condylar position indicator (CPI) before and after occlusal splint therapy. On the basis of this study, the following conclusions might be drawn: 1. In control group, Class II div. 2 malocclusion group, and mandibular assymetry group, there were no significant differences in condylar positions before and after occlusal splint therapy. 2. In Class I malocclusion group, condyles were moved 0.27 +/- 0.45 mm forward (p<0.05) and 0.98 +/- 0.25mm upward (p<0.01) after occlusal splint therapy. 3. In Class I malocclusion group, condyles were moved 0.24 +/- 0.21mm backward (p<0.05) and 1.01 +/- 0.33mm upward (p<0.01) after occlusal splint therapy. 4. In open bite group, condyles were moved 1.24 +/- 0.30 mm upward (p<0.01) after occlusal splint therapy. 5. In both control and experimental groups, there were no significant differences in lateral condylar positions before and after occlusal splint therapy.
Centric Relation ; Dental Articulators ; Humans ; Malocclusion* ; Occlusal Splints* ; Open Bite ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

No abstract available.
Ophthalmology*

Molluscum contagiosum is a contagious disease of the skin charaterized by the appearance of small globular, umblicated epithelial tumors, and caused by a virus of pox virus group. Authors experienced a case of molluscum contagiosum on the right upper and lower eyelids. And there was follicular conjunctivitis, but no corneal complication. The lesion was managed by simple extraction of the lesion under the local infiltration anesthesia.
Adenocarcinoma ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anesthesia, Local ; Biopsy ; Conjunctivitis ; Eyelids* ; Female ; Humans ; Meibomian Glands* ; Molluscum Contagiosum* ; Skin

BACKGROUND: Tinea versicolor may be treated by topical oroal antifungal drugs. OBJECTIVE: Ihe objertive of this study was to evaluate the their, peutic effect and safety of oral itraconazole(100-200mg/day), cloconazole cream, 20% sodium chiosulfate solution, sulconazole cream and 2% ketoconazole shampoo in Tinea versicolor. METHODS: Forty patients with Tinea versicolor were studys clinically and treated in five groups, with oral itraconazxale(100-200mg/day), cloconazole crean 20% sodium thiosulfate solution, sulconazole cream and 2% ketoconazole shampoo, from JuIIy 1991 to June, 1994. The writers also compared the results with the writers previous similar studies in 1986, 1990. RESULTS: The average age was 29.9 years, the oldest patient were 52 year-old and the youngest patient was a 14 year-old. The ratio of male to female a 1.2: 1. The distributions of lesions was most common in the axilla(26.9%), and the other sitsuere the anterior chest(19.2%), the back(17.3%), the neck(15.4%), the upper extremites(9.6%) the abdomen(7.7%) and the lower extremites(3.9%), in order. The incidence of hyperpigrietted lesions was 76.8% and of hypopigmented lesions was 23.2%. The average duration of treatment until cure was 3.00+0.55 weeks in the oral itraconaxile treated group, 3.31+1.18 weeks in the cloconazole cream group, 3. 25+1.03 weeks in the 20%, sodium thiosulfate solution group 3.45+0.52 weeks in the sulconazole cream group and 3.40+0.33 weeks in the 2% ketoconazole shapen group. Mere were no statistically significant differences of therapeutic efficacy in each the five groups(p>0.05). Compared with the study in 1990, the average age was higher from 5.7 to 29.9 years, and the male to female ratio was slightly less, showing a relative increase in male incidence. But, there was no statistical difference in therapeutic efficacy(p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study was shown that the above five theraieric regimens can be used safely and simply, according to patients preferences.
Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Ketoconazole ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sodium ; Tinea Versicolor* ; Tinea*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Bacteremia* ; Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Haemophilus influenzae* ; Haemophilus* ; Interleukin-6* ; Kinetics* ; Meningitis* ; Models, Animal* ; Rats* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha*

Conservative or surgical methods have been used for the treatment of fracture of mandibular subcondyle, but consensus has not been reached in regard to the proper management of this injury. Several problems related to the surgical procedure have led many surgeons to avoid surgical management of condylar fractures in favor of closed reduction and intermaxillary fixations. However, luxation of the condyle may lead to various long-term complications such as open bite on the contralateral side, dysfunction, deviation in opening and closing movements, as well as bone apposition leading to ankylosis. As a consequence, open reduction is preferable when the condyle is displaced. Various methods-for example, direct wiring technique, simple bone plating, dynamic compression plating-have been advocated for the treatment of fracture of mandibular subcondyle. Of such methods, a functionally-stable osteosynthesis can be achieved by compression osteosynthesis methods. Lag screw osteosynthesis is essentially a form of compression osteosynthesis in which the bone fragments are bound to one another as a result of traction from the screw. An advantage of compression osteosynthesis is that the end of a fractured bone can be maintained in an opposed position under pressure, and then primary bone healing occurs by direct osteoblastic activity within the fracture. As well, it obviates or reduces the need for maxillomandibular fixation, as well as the morbidity associated with conventional treatment methods such as facial nerve injury and bone resorption due to wide dissection. We have treated 9 cases of displaced subcondylar fractures of the mandible with the lag screw fixation system which is marketed by the Martin corporation. Mobilization and guidance of the jaw was begun from 7 or 10 days postoperatively. The radiologic and clinical evaluations showed good repositioning of the fragments and good occlusion postoperatively The disadvantage is that surgical procedures are relatively compound, and an additional procedure - removal of lag screw - is necessary after complete bone union. Lag screw osteosynthesis can be added as a another valid armament for plastic surgeons in the management of mandibular subcondyle fractures.
Ankylosis ; Bone Resorption ; Consensus ; Facial Nerve Injuries ; Jaw ; Jaw Fixation Techniques ; Mandible ; Open Bite ; Osteoblasts ; Traction

No abstract available.
Brain Death* ; Brain*

No abstract available.
Complementary Therapies