Tricholroacetic acid (TCA) chemical peeling is an effective, versatle and safe therapeutic method for patients with pigmentary disorders, acne scars and aging skin. With an experienced and skilled operator, the associated complications are rare and tend to be mild. No. ystemic toxicity is known to be induced by TCA. We observed the effect of TCA chemical peeling, evaluated by 242 patients themselves with melasma, freckles, senile lentgines, pigmented nevi, seborrheic keratosis, skin tags or acne scars. The patients evaluated TCA peeling as excellent for the treatment of seboirheic keratosis, pigmented nevi, skin tags and acne scars, and as selectively recommendable for the treatment of melasma, freckles and senile lentigines.
Acne Vulgaris ; Aging ; Cicatrix ; Humans ; Keratosis ; Keratosis, Seborrheic ; Lentigo ; Melanosis ; Nevus, Pigmented ; Skin

This study was conducted to investigate food and meal preference of workers (435 male and 212 female) in the Chonnam Yeosu industrial area. The results of the survey were analyzed by principal components analysis. The results were obtained as follows: 19.3% of the subjects were twenties, 28.3% were thirties, 28.8% were forties and 23.7% were fifties. Females liked rice rolled in dried laver, rice cakes, janchi-noodle and breads, on the other hand males liked thick beef soup, loach soup, an eel stew and soju. The young liked instant noodles, fried chicken, sweet and sour pork, pork cutlet, pizza, hamburger, ham, sausage and fruit beverage, on the other hand the old liked a fish pot stew, loach soup, eel stew, fish boiled in soy with spices, panfried fish, sea slug, ascidian, bunder, green laver and boiled burdock-lotus root in soy. Females who are young liked hamburger and sweet and sour pork whereas males who are young liked instant noodles, pork cutlet, ham, sausage and fruit beverage. Aged females liked fish boiled in soy with spices, panfried fish, bunder, green laver, boiled burdock-lotus root in soy whereas aged males liked a fish pot stew, loach soup, eel stew, sea mussel and oysters. Boiled rice was located within the middle irrespective of age and sex, but noodles, wheat flour meal, fast foods and fruits were situated at the young female side. Aged males liked soup and pot stew. Young males liked meats and eggs whereas fish and shellfish and kimch were located at the aged people side. Aged females liked sea weeds and most people disliked vegetables but females liked some vegetables irrespective of age. Processed foods, salted foods, and alcohol were generally disliked foods by subjects but males liked those foods. Soybean curd was liked more males than females, and teas, except coffee, was liked by males.
Aged ; Beverages ; Bivalvia ; Bread ; Chickens ; Coffee ; Eels ; Eggs ; Fast Foods ; Female ; Flour ; Fruit ; Gastropoda ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Meat ; Ostreidae ; Ovum ; Shellfish ; Soybeans ; Spices ; Tea ; Triticum ; Urochordata ; Vegetables

In the rat brain, partial ischemia causes a delayed neuronal degeneration that occurs hours to days after reoxygenation. It is generally thought that the ischemic damage is initiated by neurotoxicity mediated through glutamate receptors, particulaly NMDA subtypes. Calcium entry through the NMDA receptor is responsible for the synaptic plasiticity and neuronal pathology. Degradation of MAP-2 and NF200, a major components of neuronal cytoskeleton, by Ca2+-dependent protease after NMDA receptor activation has been postulated in delayed neuronal damage. Calcium-activated protease calpain, excessive degradation of MAP-2, together with the calpain-sensitive microtubule and neurofilaments, would be expected to disrupt intracellular transport- and membrane-related functions that is vital to neurons. Changed of NR subunit 2A, 2B, MAP2 and NF200 in rat hippncampal postsynaptic density[PSD] after partial ischemic injury were investigated though immunoblot analyses. To understand the effect of Ca2+, influx through NMDA receptors on neuronal damage which is manifested by cytoskeletal disruption, morphological change was examined through immunohistochemistry and routine staining method. We found that immunoreactivity to NR2B receptor subuit in the hippocampal formation PSD was upregulated while MAP2 and NF200 was down-regulted at 18 hours after initial partial ischemic insult. On the other hand, morphological changes of neuronal cell in partial ischemic conditions were manifested as eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm which is progression of neuronal damage after 6 days. Calcium influx through NR1/NR2B receptor channel may activate intracellular proteases which would degrade cytoskeleton. Proteolysis of cytoskeleton leads to its reorganization and eventually damages normal function of cell membrane which cause neuronal cell death.
Animals ; Brain ; Calcium ; Calpain ; Cell Death ; Cell Membrane ; Cytoplasm ; Cytoskeleton ; Eosinophils ; Hand ; Hippocampus* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inclusion Bodies ; Ischemia ; Microtubules ; N-Methylaspartate ; Neurons ; Pathology ; Peptide Hydrolases ; Proteolysis* ; Rats* ; Receptors, Glutamate ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

Transient cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral common carotid artery ligation with reperfusion to understand its effect on the expression of NMDA receptor subunits 2A (NR2A), 2B (NR2B), and NF200 The changes of the expressions of NR2A, NR2B, and NF200 in cerebral postsynaptic density (PSD) were evaluated through immunoblot analyses. The expressions of NR2A and NF200 were markedly decreased until 18 hours after reperfusion, while that of NR2B was increased. The immunohistochemistry with NFIGO antibody showed that NF200 protein, which is a marker for neuronal damage, was also significantly decreased at this time point indicating neuronal damages, and the morphological damages of neuronal cells were evident by hyperchromatic condensation of nucleus, irregular cell membrane, displacement of nucleus, and chromatolysis of Nissl substances in toluidine blue stain. However, from 18 hours to 3 day after reperfusion, immunoblot analyses showed that NF200 was increased significantly, while the expression of NR2A were recovered to the control level and that of NR2B was returned to somewhat higher level than control. The NR1/NR2B-type receptor is known to have a longer offset decay time than NR1/NR2A-type ones, and to be more potent in Ca2 influxing. Therefore, our results suggest that, until 18 hours, neurons are damaged by overinflux of Ca2 through NR1/NR2B receptors which helps to degrade NF200 by Ca2 sensitive professes resulting in damages to intracellular transport. The fact that the expression of NF200 was increased even though the NR2A and NR2B are control level during 18 hours to 3 days after damage suggests that NMDA receptor subunits expressed at this time may not form functional receptors. The worsening of some neuronal damages after 3 days may indicate that an abnormal reorganization of elevated NF200 between 18 hours to 3 days further disturb intracellular transport and functions of cell membrane which cause cell death.
Animals ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Cell Death ; Cell Membrane ; Cerebral Cortex* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ischemic Attack, Transient* ; Ligation ; N-Methylaspartate* ; Neurons ; Post-Synaptic Density ; Rats* ; Reperfusion ; Tolonium Chloride

In the rat brain, global hypoxia cause a delayed neuronal degeneration that occurs hours to days after reoxygenation. It is generally thought that the ischemic damage is initiated by neurotoxicity mediated through glutamate receptors, particulary NMDA subtypes. Calcium entry through the NMDA receptor is responsible for the synaptic plasiticity and neuronal pathology. Degradation of MAP-2 and NF200, a major components of neuronal cytoskeleton, by Ca2+-dependent protease after NMDA receptor activation has been postulated in delayed neuronal damage. Changes of NR subunit 2B, MAP2 and NF200 in rat brain postsynaptic density[PSD] after hypoxic injury were investigated through immunoblot analyses. To understand the effect of Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors on neuronal damage which is manifested by cytoskeletal disruption, morphological change was examined through immunohistochemistry and H & E staining. We found that immunoreactivity to NR2B antibody in the cerebral cortex PSD was up-regulated while MAP2 and NF200 was down-regulated at 30 hours after initial hypoxic insult. At this time, morphological changes of neuronal cells in hypoxic conditions were manifested as down-regulation of MAP2 and NF200 immunoreactivities, hyperchromatic condensation of cytoplasm and nucleus, homogenizing cell change, expansion of perineuronal space and dispersion of chromatin. From 3 days, NR2B, MAP2, NF200 were up-regulated simultaneously. On the other hand, morphological alterations in hypoxic neurons were progress further. Our present results suggests that Calcium influx through NR1/NR2B receptor channel is effective whithin 30 hours but ineffective from 30 hours. Delayed neuronal cell death triggered by Ca2+ influx through NR1/NR2B receptor channel within 30 hours, which may activate intracellular profeases. Proteolysis of cytoskeleton by activated protease leads to its abnormal reorganization and eventually damages normal function of cell membrane which causes neuronal cell death.
Animals ; Anoxia ; Brain ; Calcium ; Cell Death ; Cell Membrane ; Cerebral Cortex* ; Chromatin ; Cytoplasm ; Cytoskeleton* ; Down-Regulation ; Hand ; Immunohistochemistry ; N-Methylaspartate* ; Neurons ; Pathology ; Proteolysis ; Rats* ; Receptors, Glutamate ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; Up-Regulation*

No abstract available.
Knee* ; Ligaments*

No abstract available.

BACKGROUND: A and B transferase are glycosyltransferase that transfer N-acetylgalactosamine and D- galactose to H antigen, respectively and lead to the expression of A and B phenotypes in ABO blood group system. Reduced or no activities of serum A and B transferase were observed in some A and B subgroup individuals. Determining the activities of serum A and B transferase can be useful in discriminating rare A and B subgroups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ABO typing, saliva test, adsorption elution test and serum transferase assay were performed on samples from 12 individuals showing ABO discrepancy or weakened cell typing reactions which were referred to the Seoul National University Hospital to confirm their ABO blood types. Serum transferase activity was assayed by determining the ability of serum to convert group 0 RBCs into A or B cells. RESULTS: Determination of serum ABO transferase activity was useful in the identification of Ael (3 cases), B. (2 cases), Bm (1 case), Am (1 case), Bx (1 case), 0 with weakened anti-A or anti-B (3 cases), and A without anti-B due to hypogammaglobulinemia (1 case). CONCLUSION: Determining serum A and B glycosyltransferase activity was proven to be a simple and useful tool for the classification of several ABO subgroups.(Korean J Blood Transfusion 10(1): 27-33, 1999)
ABO Blood-Group System ; Adsorption ; Agammaglobulinemia ; B-Lymphocytes ; Blood Transfusion ; Classification* ; Galactose ; Phenotype ; Saliva ; Seoul ; Transferases

Vulnerability of hippocampal CA1 neurons after brain hypoxia is coupled with high concentration of NMDA recep-tor subunits especially NR2 subunits. These subunits can be regarded as modulators, since NMDA receptors display different properties depending on which of the NR2 subunits assembles with NR1. Stimulation of NMDA receptors opens a receptor-gated Ca2+ channel; and the Ca2+ influx is believed to play a critical role in c-fos expression that require alterations in gene expression. We examined the effect of the NMDA subunits (NR1, NR2A, NR2B) mRNA level on the c-fos activation and CA1 neuronal change by in situ hybridization and TUNEL method following hypoxia and reoxygenation. Present studies show that high expression and variability of NR2B mRNA in CA1 region, compared with those of NR1 and NR2A, at our experimental time window suggest that NR2B is main functional subunit in the determining of properties of NMDA receptor in hypoxic hippocampal CA1 cells. From 0 hour to 6 hours, TUNEL positive reaction and c-fos mRNA expression were steadily increased. Thereafter, TUNEL positive reaction was decreased compared with that of 6 hours and c-fos mRNA expression was decreased and then steadily re-increased from 3 days to 6 days. Therefore, high expression of NR2B and subsequent Ca2+ influx may play important roles in the hippocampal CA1 neuronal apoptosis and c-fos expression. In addition, c-fos expression may play different roles in neuronal apoptosis in a time-dependent manner.
Animals ; Anoxia* ; Apoptosis ; Gene Expression ; Hypoxia, Brain ; In Situ Hybridization ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; N-Methylaspartate ; Neurons* ; Rats* ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; RNA, Messenger*

No abstract available.
Ligaments* ; Patella* ; Patellar Ligament* ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament*