Objective To explore the association between HbA1c and acute myocardial infarction(AMI) in youth. Methods Seventy-two AMI patients (≤44y) diagnosed during the period from January in 2009 to August in 2012 were enrolled and 79 young age-matched adults without coronary artery disease at the same period were enrolled to be control group. The relationship between HbA1c, fasting blood-glucose(FBG) and AMI was explored. Results (1)Compared with the control group,the plasma FBG and HbA1C value were significantly higher(P<0.05) in AMI group. (2)Logistic regression analysis showed that HbA1c is the independent risk factor for AMI in youth. (3)In AMI group, the HbA1c level in single vessel disease had remarkable difference with that in double vessel disease and triple vessel disease(P<0.05). Conclusions Increasing HbA1c level is the independent risk factor for AMI in youth,and positively correlated with the degree of coronary artery lesions. Primary intervention of glycometabolism abnormality possibly becomes the new opinion for prevention and cure of AMI.

Objective To find the way of inducing the bone marrow mesynchymal stem cells(MSCs)into cardiac cells with pacemaking function in vitro.Methods Dissociate the rat MSCs and induce them with 5AZA,bFGF+EGF,HGF,SCF and lysate of the sinoatrial cells respectively.The morphological changes were observed,and the expressing of protein cTnT,connexin 43 and HCN2/4 were analyse by immunohistologic and flowcytometry techniques.The pacmaking current If were evaluted by patch clamp techniques.Results All the methods can induce the bone marrow MSCs to differentiate into cardiac cells,which expressing cardiac cell specific protein and HCN2.Cells induced by 5AZA,bFGF+EGF and SAN CMs show higher rate of HCN2 expressing(22.9%,22.3%,11%).The cells of these groups have the pacmaking current If.Conclusion Lysate of the sinoatrial cells are ideal methods of inducing the bone marrow MSCs to differentiate into cardiac cells with pacemaking function in vitro.HCN is a promising marker protein to select pacmaking cells out of the differentiated cells.

Objective To investigate the effects of circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI) on atrial effective refractory period (ERP) in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.Methods 30 patients who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation for paroxysmal AF were enrolled in this study.Using FAM mode,the RA and LA anatomical models were achieved in the CARTO 3 system.SVC,MRA,RAA,LA-A,LA-R,LA-P,LAA,LSPV,LIPV,RSPV,RIPV,CSp,CSd,were respectively located in the RA or LA anatomical model.Before and after CPVI,ERPs were measured in different locations of the atrium using programmed stimulation.The ERPs of the RA (SVC,MRA,RAA,CSp),LA (LA-A,LA-R,LA-P,LAA,CSd),PVs (LSPV,RSPV,LIPV,RIPV) were compared.Bilateral CPVIs were completed in all patients,and PV-LA bidirectional conduction block was achieved.The changes of electrophysiological characteristics of atrium before and after CPVI were observed.Results (1) ERP at different locations in the atrium before CPVI:Comparisons of ERPs at different locations of atrium:RAA had the minimal ERPs[(197.4 ± 28.6) ms (P ＜ 0.01);followed by PVs measuring,respectively,LSPV (213.0 ± 47.5) ms,LIPV (208.9 ± 45.9) ms,RSPV (209.3 ± 43.6) ms,RIPV (213.5 ± 48.1) ms and LAA (218.1 ± 27.7) ms.Comparisons of ERPs in RA,LA,and PVs showed:PVs had the lowest ERPs (211.2 ± 35.2) ms versus RA ERP (227.0 ± 23.7) ms versus LA ERP (241.0 ± 21.5) ms (P ＜ 0.05).(2) Comparisons of ERPs before and after CPVI:Comparisons of ERPs at different locations of atrium showed:RAA [(197.4 ± 28.6) ms vs.(208.6 ± 32.2) ms,P=0.003],CSp [(234.7 ± 29.1) ms vs.(246.9 ± 29.7) ms,P=0.007],LA-R [(242.9 ± 28.9) ms vs.(258.3 ± 26.9) ms,P=0.003],LA-P [(252.2 ± 28.5) ms vs.(261.1 ± 30.2) ms,P=0.039]and CSd [(238.6 ± 28.3) ms vs.(250.3 ± 23.6) ms,P =0.009].ERPs were found statistically prolonged at all different locations after CPVI.Comparisons of ERPs at RAand LA after CPVI showed:RA [(227.0 ± 23.7) ms vs.(235.9 ± 21.7)ms,P=0.002]and LA [(241.0 ± 21.5) ms vs.(249.7 ± 19.9) ms,P =0.001],which were statistically increased after CPVI.(3) A total of 90 episodes of atrial arrhythmias were induced before CPVI which were found at RAA (n =17),LAA (n =12),and PVs (n =36).After CPVI,8 episodes of atrial arrhythmias were induced which were found at,RAA (n =4),LAA (n =3),and SVC (n =1).Conclusions (1) Compared with other parts of atrium,ERPs at PVs,LAA and RAA are significantly shorter in patients with paroxysmal AF.At PVs,LAA and RAA,atrial arrhythmias are easily to be induce by programmed stimulation.(2) In patients with paroxysmal Af:PVs has the shortest ERPsfollowed by RAs whereas LA ERPs is the longest.There is a large ERP gradient change between PVs and LA.(3) The ERPs at RAs,LAs,As,and LA-PV are prolonged after CPVI.(4) Atrial arrhythmia is less likely to be induced after CPVI.

Objective To explore the clinicopathological features of adult pulmonary sequestration and summarize the misdiagnosis experiences.Methods Data of 16 cases of adult pulmonary sequestration ( 18 years),who were confirmed by surgery and biopsy in our hospital were collected and reviewed.Results The median age of all the patients was 38.5 years.The female seemed to be more likely to suffer from adult pulmonary sequestration ( n =12) with cough to be the most frequent symptom ( n =9 ).CT scans revealed most of the lesions were located in the left lower lobes of the lungs ( n =9 ).Half of the lesions were characterized by pulmonary cyst-like changes and/or multiple cystic bronchiectasis ( n =8 ),followed by soft tissue mass in or out of the lung fields ( n =7).Enhanced CT scans showed abnormal arteries from the systemic circulation.Only two cases were diagnosed as pulmonary sequestration correctly in the primary diagnosis.The remaining were mostly misdiagnosed as pulmonary cyst-like changes with bronchiectasis ( n =6) or tumors (n =6).According to the findings during surgery,13 cases were intralobar pulmonary sequestrations; 3 cases were extralobars,whose tissues were all detected dysplasia and chronic inflammatory by histopathological examinations.Conclusions The misdiagnosis rate of pulmonary sequestration is high because of its non-specific clinical symptoms.Since it is characterized by abnormal arteries and pulmonary dysplasia,enhanced CT scans should be used as a preferred screening method for suspected cases,especially for those middleaged patients with cystic or mass-like lesions in the left lower lobes of the lungs.

Objective To summarize clinical application, method and result of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation ( ECMO) used during beating heart coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG) in high risk patients. Methods Twenty one patients [ mean age ( 75. 7 ± 3. 6 ) years old ] who received beating-heart CABG surgery assisted with ECMO were included in the study. We observed the condition when ECMO weaned off, the duration on mechanical rentilato time of ICU stay and the occurance of related complications. Results Among the 21 patients, ECMO was weaned off uneventfully after surgery in 8 patients. Immediate weaning was failed in another 8 patients and required gradual weaning in 2. 0-4. 5 hrs. Five patients could not wean off the ECMO in operation room needing continuous ECMO support in CCU. ECMO was weaned off in CCU gradually with IABP support [mean IABP support time: (115. 0 ± 25. 9) hrs]. Among the 5 patients admitted into CCU, 1 patient had oozing from insertion site at femoral artery/rein region and was stopped with compressive bandage. Lower limb ischemia happened in another 1 patient and was recovered after set up of by-pass circulation. All 21 patients recovered well and smoothly. Mean in-hospital stay was (17. 4 ± 2. 8) d. Conclusions ECMO is a safe and effective circulatory support during beating heart coronary artery bypass surgery for high-risk patients with severe coronary artery disease in reducing the mortality and complications.

Objective:To investigate the effect of different P2Y12 inhibitors on the long-term prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS), with or without the CYP2C19 loss-of-function (LOF) gene. Method:266 consecutive ACS patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled. According to the CYP2C19 LOF genotype, the patients were divided into rapid metabolizing-type (without the CYP2C19 LOF gene) and moderate-slow metabolizing type (with the CYP2C19 LOF gene). Each type was divided into the A group (with diabetes) and the B group (without diabetes). Each group was divided into the ticagrelor subgroup and the clopidogrel subgroup according to the type of P2Y12 platelet inhibitor. The MACE events were recorded for each subgroup over 3 years, and the prognostic impact of the CYP2C19 LOF genotype and the type of P2Y12 used were analyzed. Results:There were no significant differences in MACE, revascularization, stroke, heart failure rehospitalization, major bleeding, or all-cause mortality among subgroups of patients with rapid metabolizing type at 3 years after PCI (all P>0.05). In patients with moderate-slow metabolizing-type, the use of tegretol significantly reduced the probability of MACE events and cardiac revascularization (all P<0.01) and significantly reduced the reoccurrence of heart attack in patients with DM. Conclusions:In DM combined with ACS patients with rapid metabolizing type, the choice of different P2Y12 inhibitors after PCI had no significant effect on their prognosis. In DM combined with ACS patients with moderate-slow metabolizing type, tegretol not only significantly reduced the incidence of MACE, revascularization, and reinfarction, but also did not increase the risk of major bleeding. In terms of reducing the reoccurrence of heart attack, the benefit of using tegretol in the DM patients was greater than in the non-DM patients.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the ischemic post-conditioning (IPC) on the prevention of the cardio-renal damage in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Methods: A total of 251 consecutive STEMI patients underwent PPCI in the heart center of Tianjin Third Central Hospital from January 2012 to June 2014 were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, control, single-blinded, clinical registry study. Patients were randomly divided into IPC group (123 cases) and control group (128 cases) with random number table. Patients in IPC group underwent three times of inflation/deflation with low inflation pressure using a balloon catheter within one minute after culprit vessel blood recovery, and then treated by PPCI. Patients in control group received PPCI procedure directly. The basic clinical characteristics, incidence of reperfusion arrhythmia during the procedure, the rate of electrocardiogram ST-segment decline, peak value of myocardial necrosis markers, incidence of contrast induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI), and one-year major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE) which including myocardial infarction again, malignant arrhythmia, rehospitalization for heart failure, repeat revascularization, stroke, and death after the procedure were analyzed between the two groups. Results: The age of IPC group and control group were comparable((61.2±12.6) vs. (64.2±12.1) years old, P=0.768). The incidence of reperfusion arrhythmia during the procedure was significantly lower in the IPC group than in the control group(42.28% (52/123) vs. 57.03% (73/128), P=0.023). The rate of electrocardiogram ST-segment decline immediately after the procedure was significantly higher in the IPC group than in the control group (77.24% (95/123) vs. 64.84% (83/128), P=0.037). The peak value of myocardial necrosis markers after the procedure were significantly lower in the IPC group than in the control group(creatine kinase: 1 257 (682, 2 202) U/L vs. 1 737(794, 2 816)U/L, P=0.029; creatine kinase-MB: 123(75, 218)U/L vs.165(95, 288)U/L, P=0.010). The rate of CI-AKI after the procedure was significantly lower in the IPC group than in the control group(5.69%(7/123) vs. 14.06%(18/128), P=0.034). The rate of the one-year MACE was significantly lower in the IPC group than in the control group(7.32%(9/123) vs. 15.63% (20/128), P=0.040). Conclusion The IPC strategy performed eight before PPCI can reduce myocardial ischemia- reperfusion injury, decline the rates of CI-AKI and one-year MACE significantly in STEMI patients, thus has a significant protective effect on heart and kidney in STEMI patients. Clinical Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trials Registry, ChiCTR-ICR-15006590.

Objective:To explore the relationship between the selection of different P2Y 12 inhibitors and the long-term prognosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with and without CYP2C19 defect gene. Method:289 consecutive ACS patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at Tianjin Third Central Hospital from March 2016 to October 2016 were selected for CYP2C19 gene polymorphism detection. According to the detection results, the patients were divided into group A (with CYP2C19 loss-of-function gene, 199 cases) and group B (without CYP2C19 loss-of-function gene, 90 cases). After PCI, different P2Y 12 inhibitors were selected. The patients were followed up for 3 years, and 23 cases were lost to follow-up. Finally, 182 cases were enrolled in group A and 84 cases were enrolled in group B. According to whether there were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) within 3 years, the patients in groups A and B were divided into MACE subgroups (58 cases, 32 cases) and non-MACE subgroups (124 cases, 52 cases). The single factor analysis of the two subgroups in groups A and B was carried out based on the patient's clinical data, coronary artery disease and intervention status, and postoperative drug treatment plan. Risk factors with statistical significance ( P<0.05) were selected, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed on groups A and B to compare the effects of different P2Y 12 inhibitors on the prognosis of the two groups. Results:The differences in platelet volume, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, proportion of single-branch lesions, proportion of intervention for left main lesions, and dual antiplatelet therapy were statistically significant between the two subgroups in group A (all P<0.05). The differences in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, proportion of two-branch lesions, proportion of three-branch lesions, and proportion of using tirofeben were statistically significant between the two subgroups in group B (all P<0.05). In the group A, the choice of different P2Y 12 inhibitors was the independent risk factor for the long-term prognosis. Compared with patients treated with Ticagrelor, the probability of long-term MACE was 11.971 times larger ( OR=12.971, 95% CI: 5.028~33.464, P<0.001) among patients treated with Clopidogrel 75 mg/day, and 5.029 times larger ( OR=6.029, 95%CI: 2.278~15.958) among patients treated with Clopidogrel 100 mg/day. No significant correlation was witnessed between different P2Y 12 inhibitors and long-term prognosis in group B. In the group B, different P2Y 12 inhibitors have no significant correlation with their long-term prognosis of patients( P>0.05). Conclusions:For ACS patients with CYP2C19 loss-of-function gene, the choice of P2Y 12 inhibitors is associated with their long-term MACE events after PCI. Ticagrelor therapy brings the lowest risk of long-term MACE. For those without CYP2C19 loss-of-function gene, the correlation between the choice of different P2Y 12 inhibitors and their prognosis is not significant.