Three-types of expandable metallic stents were constructed to evaluate the differences between the stents : one, formed in a cylindrical zigzag pattern with stainless steel wire (Gianturco stent), another, made by coating the Gianturco stent with silicone rubber(Silicone stent), the third, made by coating the Gianturco stent with 24 carat gold(God stent) for tissue acceptance. A total of 69 stents(each 23 stents of Glanturco, Silicone, and Gold stents) of 8-12 mm in diameter and 20 mm long were placed into normal abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava and iliac artery of nine adult dogs for 2 weeks to 11 months. It was more difficult to introcuce Silicone stent into an introducing sheath than Gianturco or Gold stent due to the thickness of silicone rubber, Four Gianturco stents and three Silicone stents showed migration but Gold stent did not. Luminal narrowing or occlusion was noted in 3 Silicone stents, in 2 Gianturco stents, and in 1 Gold stent. Neointimal proliferation over the stent wires was more rapid and even in God stent than Silicone or Gianturco stent. Although further study is needed, Gold stent seems to be better than Gianturco or Silicone stent as an endovascular graft material.
Adult ; Animals ; Aorta, Abdominal ; Dogs* ; Humans ; Iliac Artery ; Phenobarbital ; Silicon ; Silicone Elastomers ; Silicones ; Stainless Steel ; Stents* ; Transplants ; Vena Cava, Inferior

To make an accurate diagnosis of esophageal rupture during balloon dilatation without the help of esophagograph, an infusion pump, a pressure transducer and a radiopaque esophageal balloon were connected through a three-way connector. The pressure transducer was connected consecutively to an amplifier, a differentiator and a speaker to detect a pressure drop in the esophageal balloon. Under fluoroscopic monitoring, a radiopaque balloon catheter was inserted in the mid-thoracic esophagus of 30 rabbits and inflated with air until the esophagus was ruptured. A pressure drop in the balloon at the time of esophageal rupture was not only recorded graphically, but also was identified through a speaker. To examine esophageal rupture grossly, the rabbits were sacrificed after esophagography. We could detect the time of esophageal rupture during balloon dilatation in all rabbits accurately by observing the pressure drop on the pressure recorder and by hearing the sound made on a speaker. In 8 patients with esophageal stricture, a deflated radiopaque balloon catheter was inserted to the position inside the narrowing point and inflated by injecting air until the 'hourglass' deformity created by the stricture disappeared from the balloon contour which the pressure change in the balloon was monitored with a pressure recorder. The balloon pressures at the time of disappearance of the "hourglass" deformity from the balloon contour ranged from 200 mmHg to 2000 mmHg in 8 patients with esophageal strictures. Esophageal ruptured did not occur in these patients. In conclusion, our results indicate that this new method is not only safe but promising for patients in the future with esophageal strictures. First, it would reduce the chance of mediastinitis in patients of esophageal rupture. Second, esophageal balloon dilatation can be performed more effectively and safely. Third, it is cost-effective. Forth, radiation esposure to the patient can be reduced.
Catheters ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Diagnosis* ; Dilatation ; Esophageal Stenosis ; Esophagus ; Hearing ; Humans ; Infusion Pumps ; Mediastinitis ; Methods ; Rabbits ; Rupture* ; Transducers, Pressure

To make an accurate diagnosis of esophageal rupture during balloon dilatation without the help of esophagograph, an infusion pump, a pressure transducer and a radiopaque esophageal balloon were connected through a three-way connector. The pressure transducer was connected consecutively to an amplifier, a differentiator and a speaker to detect a pressure drop in the esophageal balloon. Under fluoroscopic monitoring, a radiopaque balloon catheter was inserted in the mid-thoracic esophagus of 30 rabbits and inflated with air until the esophagus was ruptured. A pressure drop in the balloon at the time of esophageal rupture was not only recorded graphically, but also was identified through a speaker. To examine esophageal rupture grossly, the rabbits were sacrificed after esophagography. We could detect the time of esophageal rupture during balloon dilatation in all rabbits accurately by observing the pressure drop on the pressure recorder and by hearing the sound made on a speaker. In 8 patients with esophageal stricture, a deflated radiopaque balloon catheter was inserted to the position inside the narrowing point and inflated by injecting air until the 'hourglass' deformity created by the stricture disappeared from the balloon contour which the pressure change in the balloon was monitored with a pressure recorder. The balloon pressures at the time of disappearance of the "hourglass" deformity from the balloon contour ranged from 200 mmHg to 2000 mmHg in 8 patients with esophageal strictures. Esophageal ruptured did not occur in these patients. In conclusion, our results indicate that this new method is not only safe but promising for patients in the future with esophageal strictures. First, it would reduce the chance of mediastinitis in patients of esophageal rupture. Second, esophageal balloon dilatation can be performed more effectively and safely. Third, it is cost-effective. Forth, radiation esposure to the patient can be reduced.
Catheters ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Diagnosis* ; Dilatation ; Esophageal Stenosis ; Esophagus ; Hearing ; Humans ; Infusion Pumps ; Mediastinitis ; Methods ; Rabbits ; Rupture* ; Transducers, Pressure

PURPOSE: This study examined the status of critical care nursing education in bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) to suggest future directions.METHODS: The target of the survey was 185 BSN programs that were certified by the Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing Education as of October 31, 2016. We structurally reviewed the curriculums and the course syllabi.RESULTS: Forty-eight courses of 42 BSN programs were analyzed. Only five programs offered both theoretical and practical courses in critical care nursing; 22 offered theoretical courses and 26 offered practical courses. Most courses were offered as electives with 1 or 2 credits, and were taught by faculty who were experts in adult health nursing.CONCLUSION: The results show that there is a quantitative shortage of critical care nursing education in the curriculum of BSN programs in Korea. The lack of knowledge and skills on critical care can lead to a burden of new intensive care unit nurses and is a threat to patients' health. It is necessary to develop a practical and integrative curriculum for critical care nursing education.
Accreditation ; Adult ; Critical Care Nursing ; Critical Care ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education, Nursing ; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Korea ; Nursing ; Quality Improvement

ression and quality of life of family caregivers of patients with Parkinson's disease(PD). METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in one neurology outpatient clinic in Seoul, Korea from March to June, 2006. Sixty eight family caregivers of PD patients were participated to the study, using CES-D and SF-36. RESULTS: Mean scores of depression were 16.18+/-8.39 (range: 0-48) and it was a little lower than caregiver's who took care of Dementia patients and were higher than primary caregivers of the patients with Stroke. Time for caregiving, perceived severity, duration of PD were significantly related with depression respectively. Higher ADL scores which mean greater motor disabilities were related to higher caregiver depression. Lower income and greater medical expenditure were closely related with the depression of family caregivers respectively. The mean scores of total QOL were 435.5+/-96.5 and the mean scores of PF, SF, RE and MH were lower than general population. Time for caregiving, depression, patients' ADL scores were significantly associated with QOL respectively. People who were older and had lower educational background showed lower QOL scores respectively. CONCLUSION: Healthcare professionals should pay more attention to emotional aspects of caregivers who take care of PD patients, and develop comprehensive management strategies both for patients and their caregivers.
Activities of Daily Living ; Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Caregivers* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Dementia ; Depression* ; Health Expenditures ; Humans ; Korea* ; Neurology ; Parkinson Disease* ; Quality of Life* ; Seoul ; Stroke

PURPOSE: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor disabilities and increasing dependence on others for daily life activities with consequent impact on patients' and caregivers' quality of life. The aim of this study was to elucidate the burden on primary caregivers of patients with PD, and identify related factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Seventy-six primary caregivers of PD patients in a neurology outpatient clinic, Seoul, Korea completed structured questionnaires, of which 68 were analyzed. The structured self-report questionnaire included (1) demographic information on the caregivers, (2) information regarding the disease characteristics of the patients, and (3) the subjective and objective caregiver burdens as assessed on Montgomery, Gonyea, & Hooyman's scale. RESULTS: The mean age of the caregivers was 54.56 years, and spouses represented the largest proportion(47.0%). Caregivers of PD patients experienced high levels of burden (mean scores on the subjective and objective burdens were 45.22 and 34.90, respectively), which were comparable to the caregiver burdens in stroke, and higher than the caregiver burdens in general chronic disease. Older caregivers and spousal caregivers experienced significantly higher burdens (p=.004 and p=.019, respectively). A greater motor disability and higher modified Hoehn and Yahr grade were related to higher caregiver burden (p=.001 and p=.018, respectively). CONCLUSION: Caring for PD patients is associated with a high level of caregiver burden. Therefore, healthcare professionals should identify the burden of caregivers who look after PD patients and develop comprehensive management strategies both for patients and their caregivers.
Adult ; Aged ; *Caregivers/psychology ; *Cost of Illness ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Parkinson Disease ; *Quality of Life

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to understand the experience and adjustment process of organ transplantation recipients in Korea, using grounded theory method. METHODS: Eight patients after liver transplantation and two patients after heart transplantation were selected for this study, for whom minimum follow-up duration was at least 6 months after transplantation. Data was collected from July to November 2005 through in-depth individual interviews either at home or hospital. The data were analyzed using a constant comparative method in which new data was continuously coded into categories and properties. RESULTS: Data analysis revealed that "safekeeping the graft" was the core category in experience of organ transplantation recipients. In order to safekeep transplanted organ, recipients used seven different strategies to deal with various problems and conflicts which occurred during the recovery process: 1) altering the role function of family, 2) complying the treatment regimen, 3) developing the know-how for self-care, 4) returning to the normal life, 5) keeping the positive thinking, 6) concerning for the donor, and 7) improving the self-fulfillment. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provided deep understanding on the recovery process after organ transplantation and these would help establishing more appropriate intervention to improve quality of life for organ transplantation recipients.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Transplantation ; Humans ; Korea* ; Liver Transplantation ; Organ Transplantation* ; Qualitative Research ; Quality of Life ; Self Care ; Social Adjustment ; Statistics as Topic ; Thinking ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants*

The purpose of this study was to perform quantitative comparisons of water permeable zones in both the adhesive and the hybrid layer before and after thermocycling in order to assess the integrity of the bonding interface. Twenty eight flat dentin surfaces were bonded with a light-cured composite resin using one of four commercial adhesives [OptiBond FL (OP), AdheSE (AD), Clearfil SE Bond (CL), and Xeno III (XE)]. These were sectioned into halves and subsequently cut to yield 2-mm thick specimens; one specimen for control and the other subjected to thermocycling for 10,000 cycles. After specimens were immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate for 24 h and exposed to a photo developing solution for 8 h, the bonded interface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) at five locations per specimen. Immediately after bonding, the adhesive layer of OP showed the lowest silver uptake, followed by CL, AD, and XE in ascending order (p < 0.0001); the hybrid layer of CL had the lowest silver content among the groups (p = 0.0039). After thermocycling, none of the adhesives manifested a significant increase of silver in either the adhesive or the hybrid layer. SEM demonstrated the characteristic silver penetrated patterns within the interface. It was observed that integrity of bonding was well maintained in OP and CL throughout the thermocycling process. Adhesive-tooth interfaces are vulnerable to hydrolytic degradation and its permeability varies in different adhesive systems, which may be clinically related to the restoration longevity.
Adhesives ; Chimera ; Dentin ; Dentin-Bonding Agents ; Longevity ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Permeability ; Resin Cements ; Silver ; Silver Nitrate ; Spectrum Analysis