This present study was undertaken to observe the changes of superficial and deep body temperature in 80 surgical patients during general anesthesia. it calculated total body heat loss and compared the effects of several drugs which were used for relieving postoperative shivering. The results were as follows: 1) The mean skin temperature increased contineously over that of the control value after 20 minutes of induction of anesthesia. But there was little significance. 2) Tympanic temperature decreased significantly after 20 minutes(p<0.005), esophageal temperature decreased after 60 minutes(p<0.05), and rectal temperature decreased significantly after 90 minutes(p<0.05). 3) There was continuous loss of body heat during general anesthesia. 4) Pethidine has an excellent effect for relieving postoperative shivering.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Body Temperature Changes* ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Body Temperature* ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Meperidine ; Shivering ; Skin Temperature

BACKGROUND: It has been suspected that laparoscopic surgery exacerbates hypothermia to a greater extent than open surgery. Thus, this study was designed to compare the intraoperative thermoregulatory profiles of three different operative techniques: open surgery, low pressure (LP: 8 mmHg) or conventional pressure (CP: 13 mmHg) laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: Forty five patients who were scheduled for radical hysterectomy were allocated to three groups, 15 in each group: group O (open surgery), group LP and group CP. Anesthesia was maintained with 2.5% sevoflurane. Intraoperative core temperature and forearm minus fingertip skin temperature gradients were measured at 15-min intervals during the first three hours. Vasoconstriction threshold was defined by the esophageal temperature at which the skin temperature gradient equalled 0 degree C. RESULTS: All groups were comparable in terms of the characteristics of patients and preoperative body temperatures. Core temperatures and forearm minus fingertip skin temperature gradients were not significantly different among the three groups at all measurements. Thermoregulatory vasoconstrictions were observed in 6 of group O and 6 of laparoscopic surgical patients (4 patients from group LP and 2 patients from group CP). These 12 patients were divided into open (n = 6) and laparoscopic (n = 6) surgery group. There were no significant difference between the groups with regard to the vasoconstriction threshold and threshold time. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic procedures with conventional insufflation pressure have similar profiles in terms of intraoperative thermoregulation, when compared to open surgery. Lowering insufflation pressure to 8 mmHg can not reduce the risk of intraoperative hypothermia.
Anesthesia ; Body Temperature ; Body Temperature Regulation* ; Female ; Forearm ; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures* ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Hysterectomy ; Insufflation* ; Laparoscopy ; Pneumoperitoneum ; Skin Temperature ; Vasoconstriction

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in the core temperature and body surface temperature in patients with incomplete spinal cord injuries (SCI). In incomplete SCI, the temperature change is difficult to see compared with complete spinal cord injuries. The goal of this study was to better understand thermal regulation in patients with incomplete SCI. METHODS: Fifty-six SCI patients were enrolled, and the control group consisted of 20 healthy persons. The spinal cord injuries were classified according to International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. The patients were classified into two groups: upper (neurological injury level T6 or above) and lower (neurological injury level T7 or below) SCIs. Body core temperature was measured using an oral thermometer, and body surface temperature was measured using digital infrared thermographic imaging. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients had upper spinal cord injuries, 27 patients had lower SCIs, and 20 persons served as the normal healthy persons. Comparing the skin temperatures of the three groups, the temperatures at the lower abdomen, anterior thigh and anterior tibia in the patients with upper SCIs were lower than those of the normal healthy persons and the patients with lower SCIs. No significant temperature differences were observed between the normal healthy persons and the patients with lower SCIs. CONCLUSION: In our study, we found thermal dysregulation in patients with incomplete SCI. In particular, body surface temperature regulation was worse in upper SCIs than in lower injuries. Moreover, cord injury severity affected body surface temperature regulation in SCI patients.
Abdomen ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Body Temperature* ; Classification ; Humans ; Skin Temperature ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord* ; Thermography ; Thermometers ; Thigh ; Tibia

BACKGROUND: Alcohol intake induces complex changes in the human body. However, there has not been much investigation on the interaction between alcohol and human skin. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of alcohol intake on the skin's physiology. METHODS: A total 16 Korean males was enrolled in this study and they were divided into two groups (group A and group B). Each group included 8 people. Group A drank alcohol (20.1%, 360 ml) for 90 min and Group B drank 360 ml of normal saline. The body temperature, the skin erythema index, the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the skin hydration, the skin pH and skin sebum were measured before and 30 min and 120 min after alcohol intake. RESULTS: In group A, the skin erythema index, TEWL, skin hydration and skin pH significantly increased 30 min after alcohol intake, while the body temperature and sebum decreased. All the measurements except sebum recovered 120 min after alcohol intake. However, in group B, all the measurements were not significantly changed. CONCLUSION: Alcohol intake affects thermoregulation, the skin barrier function and the skin pH. This study showing that physiologic changes are induced by alcohol intake may help investigate the interaction between alcohol and skin disease.
Body Temperature ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Erythema ; Human Body ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Sebum ; Skin ; Skin Diseases ; Skin Physiological Phenomena

BACKGROUND: Heart attack is the most common cause of line-of-duty death in the fire service. Daily aspirin therapy is a preventative measure used to reduce the morbidity of heart attacks but may decrease the ability to dissipate heat by reducing skin blood flow. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, firefighters were randomized to receive 14 days of therapy (81-mg aspirin or placebo) before performing treadmill exercise in thermal-protective clothing in a hot room [38.8 +/- 2.1degrees C, 24.9 +/- 9.1% relative humidity (RH)]. Three weeks without therapy was provided before crossing to the other arm. Firefighters completed a baseline skin blood-flow assessment via laser Doppler flowmetry; skin was heated to 44degrees C to achieve maximal cutaneous vasodilation. Skin blood flow was measured before and after exercise in a hot room, and at 0 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes of recovery under temperature conditions (25.3 +/- 1.2degrees C, 40.3 +/- 13.7% RH). Platelet clotting time was assessed before drug administration, and before and after exercise. RESULTS: Fifteen firefighters completed the study. Aspirin increased clotting time before and after exercise compared with placebo (p = 0.003). There were no differences in absolute skin blood flow between groups (p = 0.35). Following exercise, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was 85 +/- 42% of maximum in the aspirin and 76 +/- 37% in the placebo groups. The percentage of maximal CVC did not differ by treatment before or after recovery. Neither maximal core body temperature nor heart rate responses to exercise differed between trials. CONCLUSION: There were no differences in skin blood flow during uncompensable heat stress following exercise after aspirin or placebo therapy.
Arm ; Aspirin* ; Blood Platelets ; Body Temperature ; Body Temperature Regulation* ; Clothing ; Cross-Over Studies ; Firefighters* ; Fires ; Heart ; Heart Rate ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Humidity ; Laser-Doppler Flowmetry ; Skin ; Vasodilation

The present study was performed in order to test the effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and two central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, intermittent light stimulation(ILS) and pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol) on body temperature (Tb) during cold exposure in the bat DHP delayed the onset of entry into hibernation in both the oriental discoloured bats and the little brown bats and formed long and prominent plateaus that were not found in the normal and the controls. The responses of body temperature to the ILS were sensitive and the body temperature fell dramatically in the big brown bats. Metrazol effects on body temperature were obvious but; seemed dose-dependent. The experimental results further support the hypothesis that hibernation is an epileptic fit as suggested by serveral researchers.
Animal ; Body Temperature/drug effects ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Chiroptera/physiology* ; Female ; Hibernation* ; Light ; Male ; Pentylenetetrazole/pharmacology ; Phenytoin/pharmacology

BACKGROUND: Core hypothermia after the induction of general anesthesia results largely from core-to- peripheral redistribution of body heat and anesthetic-induced inhibition of tonic thermoregulatory vasoconstriction. Because most metabolic heat is lost via the skin surface, covering the skin surface with an insulator is a way of minimizing heat loss. We therefore evaluated core and peripheral temperature changes with and without wrapping the lower extremity in cotton and elastic bandages during open abdominal surgery under general anesthesia. METHODS: Eighty-five patients of ASA physical status 1 or 2 who underwent open abdominal surgery under general anesthesia were investigated in this study. They were randomly assigned based on wrapping of the lower extremity in cotton and elastic bandages (group 2, n = 37) or not (group 1, n = 48). Anesthesia in both groups was induced with propofol and maintained with enflurane and 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The temperatures of the nasopharynx, forehead, chest, back, palm and sole were measured before and 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after induction. RESULTS: Core temperature decreased significantly after the induction of anesthesia in both groups (P <0.05), but no significant difference was found between the groups in terms of core, palm, back and forehead skin temperature changes. However, the core and chest temperatures of group 2 at 150 and 180 min after induction were significantly lower than those of group 1 (P <0.05), and sole temperature changes were significantly different between the groups (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Wrapping the lower extremity in cotton and elastic bandages during open abdominal surgery under general anesthesia was not effective at preventing the core temperature from decreasing. It is possible that wrapping the lower extremity causes peripheral vasodilation before anesthesia, stimulating the barorecepter, and shifting the body core temperature threshold for hypothermia inducing peripheral vasoconstriction to lower the body core temperature.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Compression Bandages ; Enflurane ; Forehead ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Lower Extremity* ; Nasopharynx ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Propofol ; Skin ; Skin Temperature ; Thorax ; Vasoconstriction ; Vasodilation

AIMTo investigate the effects of shivering on airway rewarming.

METHODSThe hypothermic dog model without shivering was established by immersing an anesthetized dog in cold water and administering atracurium to inhibit the dog shivering. The model dog respired warm fully humidified (40-45 degrees C, RH 99.9%) air and room temperature air(19 +/- 1 degrees C, RH 30% - 75%) to rewarm each for 2 hours, the priority of different temperature air respired was arranged randomly. After rewarming for 4 hours, the relaxed dog breathed warm humidified air by positive pressure ventilation in order to restore its spontaneous respiratory. Then the dog continued to respire warm humidified air spontaneously until the esophageal (Te) and rectal temperature (Tr) of the dog achieved the same degrees as the dog was immersed in the water. The metabolic heat production was detected by indirect calorimetry during the experiment.

RESULTS(1) When the shivering was inhibited, inhaling warm humidified air for 2 hours made the Tr and Te of the dogs increase 0.26-0.39 degrees C and 0.44-1.11 degrees C per hour respectively, inhaling air at room temperature for 2 hours made Tr and Te of the dogs decrease 0.24-0.51 degrees C and 0.58-0.67 degrees C per hour, respectively. And the changes in Tr and Te of the dogs were unrelated to the priority of inhaling air at different temperature. (2) When the dog with shivering respired spontaneously warm humidified air, the rewarming rates of Tr and Te were 2.26-2.33 degrees C/h and 1.96-2.38 degrees C/h respectively, quicker than those of the dogs whose shivering was inhibited. (3) Compared with metabolic heat production of the unshivering dog respiring warm humidified air by positive pressure ventilation, that of the shivering dog respiring warm humidified air spontaneously increased outstandingly, shivering thermogenesis made the rewarming rates increased obviously.

CONCLUSIONAirway rewarming is a method conducive to rewarming of hypothermia. When the body is shivering, the metabolic heat production increases obviously, that makes the rewarming rate increase markedly. So the shivering must be inhibited in order to eliminate the interference of shivering thermogenesis when the effects of airway rewarming are detected.

Animals ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Cold Temperature ; Dogs ; Hypothermia ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Hypothermia, Induced ; Male ; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ; Shivering

AIMTo investigate the sweat regulation mechanism of human body.

METHODSArm muscular work was performed on bicycle ergometer by eight healthy male subjects on 20 W and 40 W work loads lasting 10 min or 20 min in 16 degrees C and 21 degrees C ambient temperature. Sweat, metabolic rate and corresponding skin and core temperature changes were measured during different periods.

RESULTSSweat varied directly with ambient temperature and there were the corresponding changes in mean skin temperature, rectal temperature and metabolic rate. And when the work load was elevated, the skin temperature at chest and metabolic rate increased as sweat increased. There were no differences in the physiological indices between 20 W 20 min and 20 W 10 min, but mean skin temperature and sweat rate during 40 W 20 min work were higher than 40 W 10 min while metabolic rate did not change. The time when chest temperature arrived at the threshold was in correspondence with obvious sweat onset. Both local skin temperature at chest and metabolic rate were significantly correlated with sweat, but the latter was stronger. The regression equation relating metabolic rate and sweat rate was compound function.

CONCLUSIONSkin temperature was important for sweat onset, and the sweat predicted model based on the metabolic rate or ambient temperature was more suitable and practical.

Adult ; Body Temperature Regulation ; physiology ; Energy Metabolism ; Environment ; Humans ; Male ; Sweating ; physiology ; Temperature

BACKGROUND: During head and neck surgery including orthognathic surgery, mild intraoperative hypothermia occurs frequently. Hypothermia is associated with postanesthetic shivering, which may increase the risk of other postoperative complications. To improve intraoperative thermoregulation, devices such as forced-air warming blankets can be applied. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplemental forced-air warming blankets in preventing postanesthetic shivering. METHODS: This retrospective study included 113 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery between March and September 2015. According to the active warming method utilized during surgery, patients were divided into two groups: Group W (n = 55), circulating-water mattress; and Group F (n = 58), circulating-water mattress and forced-air warming blanket. Surgical notes and anesthesia and recovery room records were evaluated. RESULTS: Initial axillary temperatures did not significantly differ between groups (Group W = 35.9 ± 0.7℃, Group F = 35.8 ± 0.6℃). However, at the end of surgery, the temperatures in Group W were significantly lower than those in Group F (35.2 ± 0.5℃ and 36.2 ± 0.5℃, respectively, P = 0.04). The average body temperatures in Groups W and F were, respectively, 35.9 ± 0.5℃ and 36.2 ± 0.5℃ (P = 0.0001). In Group W, 24 patients (43.6%) experienced postanesthetic shivering, while in Group F, only 12 (20.7%) patients required treatment for postanesthetic shivering (P = 0.009, odds ratio = 0.333, 95% confidence interval: 0.147-0.772). CONCLUSIONS: Additional use of forced-air warming blankets in orthognathic surgery was superior in maintaining normothermia and reduced the incidence of postanesthetic shivering.
Anesthesia ; Body Temperature ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Head ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Incidence ; Methods ; Neck ; Odds Ratio ; Orthognathic Surgery* ; Postoperative Complications ; Recovery Room ; Retrospective Studies ; Shivering*