PURPOSE: Reduction malarplasty is a popular aesthetic surgery for contouring wide and prominent zygoma. However a few patients complain postoperative results and want to revise the midfacial contour. We analyzed the etiology of unfavorable results and treated unsatisfied midfacial contours after reduction malarplasty. METHODS: Total 53 patients were performed secondary operation for correction of unfavorable results after primary reduction malarplasty from elsewhere. Midfacial contour was evaluated with plain films and three- dimensional computed tomography. Unfavorable midfacial contours were corrected by secondary malarplasty. Flaring of zygomatic arch was reduced with infracturing technique and prominent zygomatic body was reduced with shaving. Drooped or displaced zygoma complex has been suspended to higher position and fixed with interosseous wiring. As adjuvant procedure, autologous fat injection has been performed in the region of depressed zygomatic body region. RESULTS: The etiology of unfavorable midfacial contour after reduction malarplasty was classified into 7 categories: undercorrection of zygomatic arch(n=8), undercorrection of zygomatic arch and undercorrection of zygomatic body(n=6), undercorrection of zygomatic arch and overcorrection of zygomatic body(n=28), overcorrection of zygomatic body(n=3), simple asymmetry(n=4), malunion(n=2) or nonunion(n=2). Slim and balanced malar contour was achieved with treatment. And most of the patients were satisfied with the results of the surgery. CONCLUSION: To prevent the unfavorable results after reduction malarplasty, complete analysis of facial contour, choice of appropriate operation technique, precise osteotomy under direct vision, and security of zygoma position are important.
Body Regions ; Humans ; Osteotomy ; Vision, Ocular ; Zygoma

PURPOSE: The subcutaneous fat tissue is separated into 2 layers by the subcutaneous fascia: the superficial and deep fat layers. The two fat layers have different structures according to the body regions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the distribution and pattern of the two fat layers in the human body by computed tomography (CT) and histological analysis according to age, sex, anatomical region, and body mass index (BMI). METHODS: This study included 200 males and 200 females who underwent 64-channel dynamic CT in our hospital. The patients were divided into 5 groups according to 10 years of their ages separately in either male or female gender. The thickness of the superficial and deep fat layers was measured in the abdominal, pelvic, and femoral regions, and we analyzed the values. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. The 3 x 3-cm whole fat layers were harvested from the same sites of 3 cadavers for histological examination, and one cadaver was dissected for gross evaluation. RESULTS: The total thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue was greater in females than in males, and the ratio of the superficial fat layer to the whole fat layer was higher in females. The superficial fat layer became thinner with increasing age in males. As BMI increased, the total fat layer became thicker, and the superficial fat layer became thicker than the deep fat layer. On histological examination, the superficial fat layer had small adipose lobules and showed a densely distributed pattern in the abdominal region, whereas in the femoral region, it had large adipose lobules and showed a sparsely distributed pattern. There were no significant differences in the histological findings of the deep fat layer between the 3 body regions. CONCLUSION: Significant differences in histological findings of the two fat layers were found in relation to age, sex, anatomical region, and BMI. The superficial fat layer became thinner with increasing age in males, but it was constant in females. As BMI increased, the total thickness of subcutaneous fat tissue became greater, and the superficial fat layer became thicker than the deep fat layer. Our measurements can be used to understand the characteristics of the fat layers in relation to age, sex, anatomical region, and BMI.
Body Mass Index ; Body Regions ; Cadaver ; Female ; Human Body ; Humans ; Lipectomy ; Male ; Obesity ; Subcutaneous Fat

By finding the documents of Korean physical anthropology in one place easily, everyone can use them fruitfully. We developed internet site to search them, which published from early 20th century to present days. We also analyzed documents of physical anthropology and databased the tables which is considered to be kernel of results. The advantage of this internet site is followings. We classified the documents of physical anthropology by body regions and we also classified them in detail to reach them easily. The documents are also divided into materials and its methods to search conveniently. Everyone can search a data by classification and also by using a keyword they can find document or data. There are 3 steps to search. First step is searching the title of document and author, second step is searching the name of table including the first step and the last step is searching items in table. If they don't know the contents they can search data by index. We added some pictures and explanations to restore the document or table, which are difficult and hard to understand the point. By these additions, we could understand them briefly. We could quote from past data and also we could easily compare previous data with ours by using this search engine.
Anthropology ; Anthropology, Physical* ; Body Regions ; Classification ; Internet* ; Search Engine*

HUMANS BODY REGIONS MALE CHILD ADULT WOUNDS ; GUNSHOT TISSUES

body region were operated by composite resection. The radiographic and histopathologic features of the mandibular invasion and spread were analysed and compared. Our results showed that histopathologic extent of tumor invasion were greater than the radiographic prediction, especially in width of the tumor. And the pattern of bony invasion in the body area was mostly found in transmedullary spread rather than perineural spread. The vortical involvement in the mandibular body with tumor was evaluated. It indicated that if a oncologic surgeon was to ensure an adequate safety margin for extirpation of tumor, in most cases, the maintenance of the mandibular continuity is difficult. If the mandibular involvement by gingival cancer was identified radiographically and clinically, segmental mandibulectomy was required for the adequate safety margin, in consideration of the spread pattern in the body area.]]>
Body Regions ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Humans ; Mandible ; Mandibular Osteotomy

OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms in aviation maintenance technicians in order to provide basic information for intervention programs to prevent and manage musculoskeletal symptoms for these technicians. METHODS: Between October 18 and 25, 2004, 286 aviation maintenance technicians answered a self-administered questionnaire, which included general characteristics, Karasek's Job Content Questionnaire for psychosocial characteristics, and work-related characteristics. The musculoskeletal symptoms were evaluated using the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) surveillance criteria. Statistical analysis included means and standard deviation, x2-test, t-test, and logistic regression. RESULTS: A quarter (25.8%) of the workers reported musculoskeletal symptoms in more than one body region. The prevalence of symptoms was 12.9% in the lower back, 10.2% in the shoulders, 9.4% in the legs/foots, 9% in the neck, 5.9% in the hands/wrists/fingers, and 2.7% in the arms/elbows. General characteristics were not found to influence musculoskeletal symptoms, except that workers practicing regular exercise reported fewer lower back symptoms (p=.038). Low social support (p=.001), and low supervisory support (p=.000) were significant factors for increased musculoskeletal symptoms whereas decisions latitude, psychological job demands, and co-worker support were not found to have significant associations, with the exception of low decision latitude which was significantly associated with increased legs/foots symptoms (p=.034). More than two thirds (69.6%) of the workers whose perceived physical load was very high complained of symptoms. This rate was eight times higher than for workers whose perceived load was very low (p=.000). The workers highly exposed to both physical and psychosocial risk factors were more likely to report musculoskeletal symptoms than workers highly exposed to only one of these factors (p=.000). The odds ratios for very high-perceived physical load (OR 13.9) and low supervisory support (OR 2.9) were clearly increased. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that consideration for perceived physical load and psychosocial characteristics as important determinants is necessary to prevent musculoskeletal symptoms in aviation maintenance technicians. To develop effective intervention programs to prevent musculoskeletal symptoms, a comprehensive and systematic approach should be the basic premise. Such an intervention program should consist of ergonomic, managerial and behavioral interventions to reduce physical load and psychosocial factors.
Aviation* ; Body Regions ; Logistic Models ; Neck ; Occupational Health ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Psychology ; Questionnaires ; Risk Factors* ; Shoulder

PURPOSE: It had been suggested that pain arising from deep somatic body regions influences neural activity within periaqueductal gray(PAG) of midbrain via distinct spinal pathways. Aspirin is one of the popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in the management of pain. Fos expression was used as a marker for neuronal activity throughout central neurons following painful peripheral stimulation. This study was prepared to investigate changes of c-Fos immunoreactivity in midbrain by deep pain and effects of aspirin. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 0.1 mL of 5% formalin in the plantar muscle of the right hindpaw. For experimental group II, aspirin was injected intravenously before injection of formalin. An aspirin-untreated group was utilized as group I. Rats were sacrificed at 0.5, 1, 2, 6 and 24 hours after formalin injection. Rat's brains were removed and sliced in rat brain matrix. Brain slices were coronally sectioned at interaural 1.00-1.36 mm. Serial sections were immunohistochemically reacted with polyclonal c-Fos antibody. The numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons in ventrolateral periaqueductal gray(VLPAG) and dorsomedial periaqueductal gray(DMPAG) were counted and analyzed statistically with Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: Higher numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons were found in VLPAG. In both VLPAG and DMPAG of formalin-treated group, the numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons were significantly higher at all time points than the formalin-untreated group, which peaked at two hours. The numbers of c-Fos immunoreactive neuron of the aspirin-treated group were less compared to the aspirin-untreated group at each time point. CONCLUSION: These results provide some basic knowledge in understanding the mechanism of formalin-induced deep somatic pain and the effects of aspirin.
Animals ; Aspirin* ; Body Regions ; Brain ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Male ; Mesencephalon* ; Neurons ; Nociceptive Pain ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

BACKGROUND: The seven species Malassezia yeasts are recognized in the genus Malassezia (M.). These species can be isolated from the normal skin of warm-blooded animals including humans and various dermatoses. In Korea, most surveys of Malassezia yeast distribution have been performed without classifying the genus Malassezia into the species. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this work was to study the qualitative distribution of the Malassezia species on the normal human skin to provide a basic data for a study of Malassezia species in patients with various dermatoses. METHODS: The Malassezia yeasts were cultured from clinically normal skin at four sites in 37 subjects. The isolated yeasts were identified into the species level using the cell types and physiological properties of the species. RESULTS: Six species of the genus Malassezia, M. furfur, M. sympodialis, M. globosa, M. Obtusa, M. restricta and M. slooffiae, were isolated. M. restricta was found to be predominant on the forehead and scalp. M. globosa was found to be predominant on the chest and back. The incidence of Malassezia yeasts was 78.4% on the scalp, 86.5% on the forehead, 100% on the chest and 97.3% on the back. CONCLUSION: The results showed a regional variation in the distribution of M, restricta and M, globosa. The information obtained from this study would be of great value in the evaluation of the role of Malassezia species in related diseases.
Animals ; Body Regions* ; Forehead ; Humans* ; Incidence ; Korea ; Malassezia* ; Scalp ; Skin Diseases ; Skin* ; Thorax ; Yeasts

Primary cutaneous cryptococcosis (PCC) is a localized skin infection confined to one body region, without evidence of dissemination. The clinical presentation of PCC is so variable that its diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. A 52-year-old woman presented with localized grouped erythematous papulovesicles on the left ear lobe for 6 months with wax and wane pattern. However, there were no signs of systemic cryptococcal infection. Histopathological examination showed numerous encapsulated round spores and budding yeasts in the dermis. Culture of aspirate from the wound and tissue samples revealed Cryptococcus neoformans. Herein, we report an interesting case of PCC on the left ear that clinically mimics herpes zoster.
Body Regions ; Cryptococcosis ; Cryptococcus neoformans ; Dermis ; Ear ; Female ; Herpes Zoster ; Humans ; Saccharomycetales ; Skin ; Spores

PURPOSE: I wanted to describe a method to create teaching movies with using screen recordings, and I wanted to see if self-learning movies are useful for medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Teaching movies were created by direct recording of the screen activity and voice narration during the interpretation of educational cases; we used a PACS system and screen recording software for the recording (CamStudio, Rendersoft, U.S.A.). The usefulness of teaching movies for self-learning of abdominal CT anatomy was evaluated by the medical students. RESULTS: Creating teaching movie clips with using screen recording software was simple and easy. Survey responses were collected from 43 medical students. The contents of teaching movie was adequately understandable (52%) and useful for learning (47%). Only 23% students agreed that these movies helped motivated them to learn. Teaching movies were more useful than still photographs of the teaching image files. The students wanted teaching movies on the cross-sectional CT anatomy of different body regions (82%) and for understanding the radiological interpretation of various diseases (42%). CONCLUSION: Creating teaching movie by direct screen recording of a radiologist's interpretation process is easy and simple. The teaching video clips reveal a radiologist's interpretation process or the explanation of teaching cases with his/her own voice narration, and it is an effective self-learning tool for medical students and residents.
Body Regions ; Education ; Humans ; Learning ; Narration ; Students, Medical* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Voice