OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical value of lidocain in the treatment of tinnitus through three routes of administration (intravenous, intratympanic and acupoint injection) by analyzing literatures. METHOD: Articles were collected through Hownet, Wanfang, VIP, Pubmed, SciVerse ScienceDirect, Springer and OVID, etc. The articles were strictly evaluated based on their quality. The Meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the outcomes by RevMan 5. 2 software. RESULT: A total of 16 articles with 1203 patients were enrolled in the analysis. Their tinnitus history ranged from 7 hours to 20 years. Assessment methods include tinnitus loudness levels, severity scales and subjective feelings. None of articles refer to maintaining time, instead of "short-term", "short" and so on. A total of 133 cases received intravenous injection and the effective rate was 73.4% (98 cases). 50 cases and 332 cases received intratympanic and acupoint injection respectively and their effective rates were 74.0% and 87.7%, respectively. The effective rate ranged from 42.4% to 58.3% in control group. Meta-analysis results indicate that all three routes of lidocaine administrations are more effective than conventional methods (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Different routes of lidocaine administration have a good but short time effects on the tinnitus control. It can effectively reduce the time of tinnitus habituation as a complementary treatment. But its value still needs further evaluation.
Humans ; Lidocaine ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Tinnitus ; drug therapy

Tinnitus is a subjective symptom of phantom sound in the ear or brain without sound or electrical stimulation in the environment. The mechanism of tinnitus is complicated and mostly unclear. Recent studies suggested that the abnormal peripheral auditory input lead to neuroplasticity changes in central nervous system followed by tinnitus. More research concerned on the tinnitus central mechanism. A rapid development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique made it more widely used in tinnitus central mechanism research. fMRI brought new findings but also presented some shortages in technology and cognition in tinnitus study. This article summarized the outcomes of fMRI research on tinnitus in recent years, exploring its existing problems and application prospects.

BACKGROUND: m6A RNA methylation modification plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of lung cancer and regulates tumor immunity. Current studies mostly focus on the differential expression of some specific m6A effectors and infiltrating immune cell. m6A methylation modification is the result of mutual adjustment and balance between effectors, and changes in the expression of one or two effectors are far from enough to reflect the panorama of m6A methylation. The role of m6A in the immune microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still poorly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different m6A modification patterns in immune microenvironment of LUAD. METHODS: LUAD data was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), University of California Santa Cruz Xena (UCSC Xena) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Gene mutation, differential expression and survival analysis were performed for 24 m6A effectors. The m6A modification pattern was constructed by unsupervised clustering method, and the m6A clusters survival analysis, gene set variation analysis, immune score and immune cell infiltration analysis were performed. The association between LRPPRC protein expression levels and infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages in the tumor microenvironment was validated by immunohistochemistry in LUAD tissue microarray with 68 cases. RESULTS: The mutations of m6A effector were found in 150 of 567 LUAD cases with a frequency of 26.46%. 6 readers and 3 writers were significantly up regulated in LUAD tissues compared with normal tissues. IGF2BP1 and HNRNPC are the independent risk factors for prognosis of LUAD. Abundant cross-talks among writers, erasers and readers were demonstrated. Three m6A modification patterns with different immune cell infiltration characteristics and clinical prognosis were established. Among m6A effectors, LRPPRC was found to be inversely associated with the infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages, and was validated in 68 LUAD tissues. CONCLUSIONS m6A modification patterns play non-negligible roles in regulating the immune microenvironment. LRPPRC has potential to be a new biomarker for checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy.
Adenocarcinoma/genetics* ; Adenocarcinoma of Lung/pathology* ; Adenosine/metabolism* ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Methylation ; Tumor Microenvironment/genetics*