With the development in the diagnosis and treatment of urological diseases and im-provement of minimally invasive technology in recent years, some apparent diseases and concepts of new technology can't be mentioned in teaching practice including functional diseases of lower urinary tract, further discussion of prostatic cancer and minimally invasive technology, etc. We elaborated on the importances, teaching significances and key points of these teaching contents in order to improve the knowledge teaching system.

Objective To study the effect of antagonist of excitatory amino acid receptor DL2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate(D-AP 5) on peripheral nerve regeneration.Methods The models of regeneration chamber after sciatic nerve injury were made by cutting 6 mm of left sciatic nerve which was connected subsequently using silicage channel. 10 ?l sterile normal saline was injected into regeneration chamber. In the treatment group, 10 ?l of different concentration of D-AP 5(2 ?mol/L used as low dosage group, 20 ?mol/L used as moderate dosage group and 200 ?mol/L used as high dosage group) was administered intrathecally while the same quantity of normal saline was used in the control group. The rats were sacrificed at 12 weeks and studied by electrophysialogy, electron microscope, microscope and image analysis.Results The nerve conduction velocity, diameter and number of regenerated myelinated nerve fiber in high dosage group were superior to those in the control group and other dosage groups(all P

Objective To illuminate relationships between epilepsy and functional and morphologic plasticity of synapse through investigating temporal-spatial expression of syanpsinⅠand the alteration of synaptic ultrastructure in hippocampus after seizure. Methods The models of epilepsy were established by injection of pilocarpine and lithium. Electromicroscope and the software of image manipulation were applied to observe the alteration of synaptic ultrastructure in hippocampus during acute phase, resting phase and chronic phase. The expressions of synapsinⅠ were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results The expression of synapsinⅠin every subfield of hippocampus decreased at 3 h after induction of seizure, reached the peak at 6 h and 12 h, which was significantly different from the control ( P

Objective To explore the work environment of male nurses of psychiatric in Chongqing, as well as the affecting factors. Methods The Professional Practice Environment (PPE) scale was applied to investigate the work environment of 400 male nurses of psychiatric in Chongqing. And the regression analysis was used to analyze the associated factors. Results staff relationships with physicianswas the subscale with the highest score (3.15 ± 0.41) of the PPE of the tested male nurses of psychiatric in Chongqing, whileteamworkwas the subscale with the lowest score (2.05±0.70). Locations and types of hospitals,nurse-patient ratios and education of male nurses were identified to be predictors of work environment (t=- 14.19- 7.63, P<0.01). Conclusions Multiple factors affecting the work environment of male nurses of psychiatric should be considered when nursing managers draw up management strategies.

[Objective]To observe the biological properties of a novel collagen/hydroxyapatite composite scaffold in vitro and to evaluate the possibility of application being used in tissue engineering for osteochondral repair.[Method]The scaffolds were constructed of collagen I and hydroxyapatite.The pore size and interpores of the scaffold were observed by scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM).The porosity was measured by liquid displacement method.Rabbit bone marrow stromal cells(BMSCs) were isolated and amplified,then inoculated onto the scaffold.By SEM scanning,the condition of the cells adhering onto the scaffold was observed.The proliferation of the cells on the scaffolds was examined using MTT method,and the growth curve was drawn.[Result]The scaffold possessed high porosity and proper pore size.The pore diameter of the collagen layer was about 90?m,the pore diameter of the HA layer was about 120?m,and the overall porosity of the composite scaffold was 75%.The proliferation of the cells on the scaffold was good.[Conclusion]The novel collagen/hydroxyapatite composite scaffold possesses desirable pore structure and good biocompatibility,and it can be used in tissue engineering for osteochondral repair.

Objective To observe the effect of acupressure to relieve the adverse effect of patients and success rate of intubation during gastric tube insertion. Methods We divided 90 pancreatitis patients into the observation group and the control group randomly with 45 cases in each group.Routine intubation method was used in the control group.While in the observation group we gave acupressure of Neiguan and Hegu point based in the routine method.Then we compared the changes in heart rate,bucking,nausea,vomiting and other adverse effect as well as the one-time success rate of intubation.Results Changes in heart rate before and after intubation in the control group were significantly different(P<0.05).The incidence rate of adverse effect in the control group was 51.1%and rate of repeated intubation was 26.7%.In the observation group changes in heart rate was not evident(P>0.05).The incidence rate of adverse effect in the observation group was 4.4%and the one-time success rate of intubation was 97.8%.Conclusion It proved effective to use acupressure of Neiguan and Hegu point during gastric intubation for gastrointestinal decompression.

Objective This study was to observe the effects of connective tissue growth factor(CTGF) on migration and transdifferentiation of bovine lens epithelial cells(BLECs). MethodsThe culture and identification of BLECs adopted the method of Hu(reference 1).The 2-3 passages of BLECs were collected and used in this experiment at the concentration of 1×10~6 cells/hole.The free-serum DMEM containing 0.1 ng/L,0.5 ng/L,1.0 ng/L of CTGF was added into medium for 24 hours in different experimental group respectively,and only equal volume of free-serum DMEM was added in control group.Expression of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) mRNA and protein in the BLECs were examined by semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blot,respectively.The transwell inserts were used to evaluate the migration ability of BLECs. ResultsThe expression of α-SMA mRNA in cultrued BLECs was gradually increased in different concentrations of CTGF groups.Compared with control group,the expression of α-SMA mRNA in experimental group was significantly enhanced (F=66.56,P＜0.01).The expression of α-SMA protein followed the same pattern(F=65.43,P＜0.01).The migration ability of BLECs was obviously elevated after CTGF stimulation under the light microscope.The migration rate of BLECs was considerably increased in experimental group compared with blank control group (t=51.7,P＜0.01).ConclusionCTGF promotes the migration and transdifferentiation of BLECs at a dose-dependent manner in vitro.CTGF plays an important role in the formation of posterior capsule opacification.

Objective To investigate the value of intraoperative neuromonitoring(IONM) for preventing recurrent laryngeal nerve(RLN) injury in thyroid surgery.Methods 1087 consecutive patients undergoing thyroid surgery at Wuhan Central Hospital from Oct 2010 to Dec 2012 were evaluated.277 cases(the study group) underwent thyroidectomy with RLN identification by naked eye plus IONM.810 cases(the control group)underwent thyroidectomy with RLN identification by naked eye only.Results In the control group,733 RLNs (90.49％,733/810)were successfully identified and 77 RLNs were failed to be identified.In the study group,all the 277 RLNs(100％,277/277)were successfully identified.28 cases had postoperative temporal RLN injury,among whom 26 cases were in the control group and 2 cases were in the study group.18 cases in the control group and 2 cases in the study group recovered in 2 weeks after surgery.The rest recovered in 2 months after surgery.RLN injury rate was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group.There was no significant difference in RLN injury for low-risk surgical patients between the 2 groups; however,the study group had advantages in RLN injury than the control group for high-risk patients.Conclusions IONM in thyroid surgery can improve the recognition rate of RLN during thyroidectomy.IONM can significantly reduce the incidence of RLN injury,especially in high-risk surgery.

Background Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) was mostly performed with fluoroscopy and/or ultrasonography.The safety and feasibility of PCNL performed totally under ultrasound are not clearly defined.Therefore,we introduce the 9-year experience of 8 025 ultrasound guided PCNL procedures from multiple centers in China performed by the same surgeon,to evaluate the feasibility and security of this technique.Methods From September 2004 to August 2013,8 025 cases,4 398 males (54.8％) and 3 627 females (45.2％),whose age ranged from 6 months to 85 years old,with upper urinary tract stones,underwent PCNL in our center and the supported hospitals.Puncture site selection and channel dilation were all guided using only Doppler ultrasound.Single stones were treated in 1 356 cases,there were 2 817 cases of multi stones,and 3 852 cases of staghorn calculi.The pre-and post-operative imaging data,the intraoperative findings,operation time,perioperative complications,and related parameters were recorded.Results All procedures were successful.No patients died during the operation.Average operation time was 42 minutes (range 10 to 168 minutes),4 cases converted to open surgery,and 2 patients lost the diseased kidney due to refractory bleeding in the early stage of the PCNL.Ninety-four (1.2％) patients received blood transfusions and 20 (0.25％) patients needed highly selective renal artery embolization.Fifteen (0.19％) patients had a pleural injury.5 457 (68％) cases were completed by a single tract and 2 568 (32％) cases added more tracts.The mean stone size (longest diameter) was 2.8 cm (range 1.2 to 26.5 cm).The final stone-free rate was 85.5％.Residual stones occurred mainly in patients with renal dysfunction,medullary sponge kidney,and complete staghom calculi with a slim calyceal neck.Conclusions X-ray free Doppler ultrasound guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy is feasible and safe in a variety of cases of renal and/or upper ureteral stones.The probability of radiation hazard and adjacent organ injury is low.The morbidity from major complications was reduced remarkably after special training.It is worthy of wider use compared with fluoroscopy in patients with special kidneys (e.g.solitary kidney,spinal deformity,ectopic kidney) and in infants.

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of short tandem repeat(STR) genotyping of cell free DNA in plasma for individual identification and paternity testing. Methods EDTA-Na2 DNA anti-coagulant blood samples were collected from 36 unrelated healthy volunteers,and both DNA in leukocytes and cell free DNA in plasma were extracted respectively using phenol-chloroform method. Target DNA in blood cells and plasma were amplified using regular STR typing and fluorescent multiplex STR assay separately,accordingly,the PCR products were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis. Results Using either normal PCR-STR or fluorescent multiplex STR assay,the consistent STR genotyping results were detected with similar efficiency for cell DNA and plasma DNA samples from the same individual. Conclusion Cell free DNA in plasma samples can be used as useful biological samples for STR genotyping,which can be applied to individual identification and paternity testing in forensic practice.