Background Econazole nitrate is not effective as an antifungal eyedrop because of its poor intraocular permeability,therefore changing the formulation of econazole nitrate to improve its intraocular permeability become a critical point in the treatment of intraocular fungal infection. Objective The present study was to observe the penetration of 0.5％ econazole nitrate nanoparticles in the corneas and aqueous humors following its topicaladministration. Methods Econazole nitrate nanoparticles were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion.Characteristics and size of nanoparticles were examined with transmission electron microscope and laser scatteringmethod,respectively.Econazole nitrate nanoparticles drops (0.5％ )was topically administered in 27 New Zealandwhite rabbits bilaterally,and aqueous humor and corneas were obtained after the application of the eye drops for 5,15,30,45,60,90,120,180,240 minutes respectively to detect the concentration of econazole nitrate with highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with 3 p97pharmacokinetic computer software.The use of the animals followed the Regulation for the Administration of AffairsConcerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission. Results The diameter of thenanoparticles was 50 nm with the round shape and encapsulation efficiency was 96.0％.Econazole nitrate nanoparticlesat the concentration of 0.5％ could be rapidly separated with other elements by HPLC with a lowest quantitativeconcentration of 0.1 mg/L.The mean recovery rates of econazole nitrate nanoparticles were 98.09％ in cornea and 99.66％ in aqueous humor,respectively after topical administration.The peak levels of econazole nitrate nanoparticles in cornea and aqueous humor were achieved at 5 minutes after application ( cornea:40.620 μg/g± 7.756 μg/g;aqueous humor:0.504 mg/L±0.153 mg/L),and its half-life( t1/2 )in cornea and aqueous humor was 23.5 minutes and 18.6 minutes,respectively. Conclusions Econazole nitrate nanoparticles at 0.5％ concentration can remain a feasible bioavailability in ocular tissue and therapeutic level in cornea and aqueous humor.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical effect of reversed plantar metatarsal artery island flap in repairing the plantar soft tissue defects at the first and second toes.

METHODS12 cases with plantar soft tissue defects at the first and second toes were repaired by reversed plantar metatarsal artery island flap which size ranged from 2 cm x 3 cm to 4 cm x 6 cm, including 5 cases at emergency, 5 cases with the donor site defects at great toes after free lateral pulp flap transfer, and 2 cases with the donor site defects at second toes after free medial pulp flap transfer.

RESULTSAll the reversed plantar metatarsal artery island flaps at the first and second toes survived uneventfully with desirable appearance and sensation over a 3-35 month follow-up. No complication happened at the donor sites.

CONCLUSIONSIt is an reliable method to adopt the reversed plantar metatarsal artery island flap for the plantar soft tissue defects at the first and second toes, with the advantages of stable blood vessels, high survival rate, good skin texture and few complications.

Arteries ; Foot ; Humans ; Skin Transplantation ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; surgery ; Surgical Flaps ; blood supply ; transplantation ; Toes ; Transplant Donor Site ; blood supply

Objective : To understand the relationship between sleep duration and low vision among primary and middle school students, so as to provide the reference for promoting eye health of primary and middle school students. Methods : Using stratified cluster sampling method, the students were selected from four primary schools, four junior high schools and three senior high schools in Dinghai, Putuo, Daishan and Shengsi of Zhoushan. The questionnaire for the influencing factors of myopia in the national monitoring and intervention project of common diseases and influencing factors among students in 2019 was used to collect their demography, video display terminal use, outdoor activity, parents'myopia and sleep duration. The multivariate logistic regression model was established to analyze the relationship between sleep duration and low vision among the students. Results : A total of 3 016 questionnaires were sent out, and 2 932 valid ones were returned. The effective rate was 97.21%. There were 1 537 ( 52.42% ) males and 1 395 females ( 47.58% ); 947 ( 32.30% ) primary school students and 1 985 ( 67.70% ) middle school students; 2 328 ( 79.40% ) students with low vision. There were 1 022 ( 34.85% ), 903 (30.80%), 697 ( 23.77% ) and 310 ( 10.57% ) students with the daily sleep duration of <8 hours, 8-<9 hours, 9-<10 hours and ≥10 hours, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of low vision was lower when the daily sleep duration of students was 8-<9 hours ( OR=0.735, 95%CI: 0.561-0.963 ) and 9-<10 hours ( OR=0.605, 95%CI: 0.446-0.825 ). Conclusion Adequate sleep duration is conducive to reduce the risk of low vision among primary and middle school students.

OBJECTIVETo explore the role of Xuebijing Injection (XBJI) in inhibiting inflammatory factors associated with anoxia/reoxygenation myocardial inflammatory response of rats.

METHODSTotally 36 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, 280 ± 30 g were randomly divided into six groups, i.e., the normal control group (N group), the balanced perfusion group (BP group),the model group (M group),the low dose XBJI group (XBJI(L) group), the middle dose XBJI group (XBJI(M) group),and the high dose XBJI group (XBJI(H) group), 6 in each group. The myocardial anoxia/reoxygenation rat model was established by Langendorff isolated heart perfusion. The concentration of TNF-α in the myocardial tissue was detected by ELISA. The expression of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) protein and Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein were detected using Western blot. The expression of NF-κB p65 mRNA and TLR4 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. Ultrastructural changes of anoxia-reoxygenation rats' heart muscle were observed under transmission electron microscope.

RESULTSCompared with the M group,the TNF-α concentration, expression levels of NF-κB p65 protein and mRNA, TLR4 protein and mRNA decreased to various degrees in the XBJI(L) group, the XBJI(M) group, and the XBJI(H) group. The TNF-α expression level decreased most significantly in the XBJI(L), group (P < 0.01), while other indices decreased most obviously in the XBJI(M) group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). Expression levels of NF-κB p65 and TLR4 protein were obviously lower in the XBJI(M) group than in the XBJI(L) group (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in other indices among the three XBJI groups (P > 0.05). Myocardial fibers were loose and broken with disappearance of transverse striation, and mitochondrial cristae was dissolved and severely damaged in the M group. The aforesaid condition was improved after treated by XBJI, with the most obvious effect obtained in the XBJI(M) group.

CONCLUSIONSDifferent doses of XBJI could attenuate inflammatory reactions after myocardial anoxia/reoxygenation rats' heart muscle through inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB-TNF-α signal transduction pathway. The best effect could be obtained by 4 mL/100 mL XBJI.

Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Hypoxia ; Male ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Oxygen ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; metabolism ; Transcription Factor RelA ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo establish a stable animal model of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) synovitis.

METHODSSixteen 6-week-old male SD rats were classified into four groups, control group, occlusal dimension increase group, masseter resection group, occlusal dimension increase group and masseter resection group. The rats in the occlusal dimension increase group were adhered composite resin to their maxillary molars in order to increase the occlusal vertical dimension when they were 9-week-old. The rats in the masseter resection group were cut off their bilateral masseter muscles when they were 6-week-old. In the occlusal dimension increase group and masseter resection group, rats' bilateral masseter muscles were resected and occlusal vertical dimension was increased. All rats were sacrificed at their 10 weeks old. TMJ samples were prepared for histology to evaluate the animal model.

RESULTSThe control group showed non-inflammatory changes. The occlusal dimension increase group and the masseter resection group showed vascular dilation and synovial lining proliferation, but there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared to the two disposed groups, the occlusal dimension increase group and masseter resection group showed significant inflammatory changes (P < 0.05), including synovial lining proliferation, vascular dilation and fibrin deposit.

CONCLUSIONThe animal model of TMJ synovitis created in the present investigation could simulate the real pathological features of synovitis in vivo, and this animal model showed the obvious merits of high stability and reproduction.

Animals ; Composite Resins ; Disease Models, Animal ; Male ; Masseter Muscle ; Models, Animal ; Molar ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Synovitis ; Temporomandibular Joint ; Vertical Dimension

Objective To evaluate values of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)in eyes filled with silicone oil.Design Prospective cases series.Participants 40 eyes of 40 patients were filled with silicone oil after ocular injury.Methods MRI was performed in the 40 patients,including axial FSE T_1WI,T_2WI,coronal T_2WI with fat saturation,oblique sagittal T_1WI and axial T_2FLAIR.MRI findings,in- cluding morpbous,signal and complications were analyzed.Oculi axes were measured.Main Outcome Measures Morphous,signal, complications and oculi axes of the eyes filled with silicone oil.Results Affected oculi axis was 2.18cm?0.21cm,normal oculi axis was 2.48cm?0.16cm.The silicone oil in eyes demonstrated isointense signal or slightly hyperintense signal on T_1WI and T_2WI,hypointense signal after fat saturation.Hydrops was found in vitreous cavity in 33 patients,including simple hydrops in 17 patients and complicated other abnormality in 16 patients.Choroidal detachment was found in 11 patients,complicating vitreous hydrops in 5 patients and lo- calized bulge of eyeball wall.Retinal detachments were found in 4 patients,of whom 3 patients complicated with vitreous hydrops.Per- fluorocarbon liquid residual in vitreous cavity,foreign body in anterior chamber,localized thickness of the wall of the globe and meagre- mean of silicone oil in vitreous cavity were found respectively in one patient complicating vitreous hydrops.Except for eye changes, fracture of orbital wall and foreign body in orbit were found in one patient.Conclusions MRI can display the changes of eyes filled with silicone oil,and measure oculi axes biologically and accurately offering important clinical application value.(Ophthalmol CHN,2007,16: 312-315)

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy and safety profile of epalrestat tablet in combination with alprostadil injection in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.Methods A total of 92 patients with diabetic retinopathy were randomly divided into the treatment group (n =46) and the control group (n =46).The control group was treated with intravenous drip of alprostadil injection at dose of 5 μg,once daily.The treatment group received oral administration of epalrestat at dose of 50 mg,three times daily.Both groups were treated for 14 d.Clinical efficacy,superoxide dismutase (SOD),total antioxidant capacity (TAOC),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),blood glucose indicators,and adverse drug reactions between two group was compared between the two groups.Results The total effective rates of the treatment group and control group were 95.65％ (44 cases/46 cases) and 78.26％ (36 cases/46 cases),respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (P ＜0.05).There were significant differences between the treatment group and the control group in the levels of SOD [(88.59 ± 11.02) vs (80.83 ± 10.68)IU · mL-1],TAOC [(20.44±2.25) vs (15.41 ±2.01)IU · mL-1],TNF-α [(11.72±1.55) vs (17.35 ±1.87) ng· L-1],fasting blood glucose [(5.05 ± 0.71) vs (5.92 ± 0.65) mmol · L-1],postprandial blood glucose [(8.20 ± 0.76),(8.80 ± 1.15)mmol · L-1],glycated hemoglobin [(6.17 ±0.85)％ vs (6.77 ±0.82)％] (P ＜0.05).There were no adverse drug reactions in the two groups.Conclusion epalrestat in combination with alprostadil was effective and safe in treating diabetic retinopathy.

Objective To investigate the macular vascular density after successful repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) for one year using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA),and discuss the correlation between the macular vascular density and visual acuity.Methods Totally 42 patients of the RRD (42 eyes),their contralateral eyes (A group) and 42 patients of the normal eyes (B group) were recruited into this study.All participants underwent examination with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and OCTA.The difference in macular vascular density was compared and the correlation between BCVA and the vascular density was analyzed.Results The macular vascular density of superficial layer,deep layer and choroidal capillary layer was 0.422 4 ±0.089 3,0.4836 ±0.0748,0.527 1 ±0.039 0 in RRD group,respectively,0.469 3 ±0.112 5,0.550 0 ±0.074 0,0.546 2 ±0.034 3 in A group,respectively,0.5619 ±0.053 7,0.611 2 ±0.035 2,0.562 6 ±0.030 4 in B group,respectively.The macular vascular density was significantly decreased in RRD group when compared with A and B groups (all P ＜ 0.05).There was a positive correlation between BCVA and the macular vascular density in the deep layer and choroidal capillaries layer (r =0.629,0.654,both P =0.000).However,there's no correlation between the macular vascular density of superficial layer and BCVA (P =0.103).Conclusion All the macular vascular densities are decreased in patients of RRD after successful repair of retinal detachment one year later,which indicated that the blood flow does not completely recover.And there is a positive correlation between BCVA and macular vascular densities in deep layer and choroidal capillaries layer.And meanwhile,OCTA can objectively and effectively quantify the status of macular region blood flow.

Objective To investigate HPV infection and its correlation with the expression of sur- vivin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in condyloma acuminatum (CA).Methods HPV6/11 and 16/18 DNA were detected by PCR in 41 cases of CA and 23 specimens of normal skin.The expression of survivin and PCNA was measured by immunohistochemical technique in these two groups. Results The infection rates of HPV6/11 and 16/18 were 87.80% (36/41) and 19.51%(8/41),respective- ly,in CA,and 0 in normal skin epidermis.The expression of survivin and PCNA was found in 53.66% (22/41) and 87.80% (36/41) of CA ,and was 8.70%(2/23)and 47.83% (11/23) in normal skin,respec- tively.The expression of survivin was positively correlated with the high expression of PCNA in CA.The expression of survivin and PCNA was higher in HPV6/11 positive lesions than in HPV6/11 negative lesions. Conclusion HPV infection may up-regulate the expressions of survivin and PCNA,inhibit the apoptosis and promote the proliferation of keratinocytes.