Objective To analyze the epidemiological patterns and pathogens of clusters of diarrhea in Xicheng Distract , Beijing during 2017-2022 , in order to update the policy of prevention. Mehods Between January 2017 and December 2022, stool samples of patients and partly cooks in clusters of diarrhea were collected and tested by Real-time PCR for Rotavirus, Norovirus, Adenovirus, Sapovirus and Astrovirus. Part of ORF1/ORF2 from Norovirus positive samples were amplified using RT-PCR. PCR products were sequenced and the genetypes were determined. Results Four hundreds and one clusters of diarrheas were reported. Among them , 369 were reported in kindergartens, primary schools and secondary schools. The morbidities were 4.14, 2.13 and 0.69 per thousand, respectively. Seventy four cooks in 15 clusters of diarrhea were Norovirus positive. The rate was 8.67%. Among these pathogens, Norovirus had the largest proportion , but the trend was declining. At least three kinds of genetype of GⅡ Norovirus were detected every year. Conclusion Clusters of diarrhea mainly occurred in kindergartens, primary schools and secondary schools. Result from the increasing proportions of unknown-cause clusters of diarrhea, the testing methods and scopes of pathogens should be extended. Diverse genetypes of Norovirus coexist and alternate in Beijing. So appearance of new genetypes and recombination of existed ones of Norovirus should be closely concerned.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of noise-induced hidden hearing loss by proteomics.Methods:In October 2022, 64 SPF male C57BL/6J mice were divided into control group and noise exposure group with 32 mice in each group according to random sampling method. The noise exposure group was exposed to 100 dB sound pressure level, 2000-16000 Hz broadband noise for 2 h, and the mouse hidden hearing loss model was established. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) was used to test the change of hearing threshold of mice on the 7th day after noise exposure, the damage of basal membrane hair cells was observed by immunofluorescence, and the differentially expressed proteins in the inner ear of mice in each group were identified and analyzed by 4D-Label-free quantitative proteomics, and verified by Western blotting. The results were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and t test. Results:On the 7th day after noise exposure, there was no significant difference in hearing threshold between the control group and the noise exposure group at click and 8000 Hz acoustic stimulation ( P>0.05) . The hearing threshold in the noise exposure group was significantly higher than that in the control group under 16000 Hz acoustic stimulation ( P<0.05) . Confocal immunofluorescence showed that the basal membrane hair cells of cochlear tissue in noise exposure group were arranged neatly, but the relative expression of C-terminal binding protein 2 antibody of presynaptic membrane in middle gyrus and basal gyrus was significantly lower than that in control group ( P<0.05) . GO enrichment analysis showed that the functions of differentially expressed proteins were mainly concentrated in membrane potential regulation, ligand-gated channel activity, and ligand-gated ion channel activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins were significantly enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, etc. Western blotting showed that the expression of inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor 3 (Itpr3) was increased and the expression of solute carrier family 38 member 2 (Slc38a2) was decreased in the noise exposure group ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:Through proteomic analysis, screening and verification of the differential expression proteins Itpr3 and Slc38a2 in the constructed mouse noise-induced hidden hearing loss model, the glutaminergic synaptic related pathways represented by Itpr3 and Slc38a2 may be involved in the occurrence of hidden hearing loss.

Octapeptin has strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, while it also has activity against some Gram-positive bacteria. This study used natural octapeptin A3 and B3 as lead compounds for structural modification. Twenty-one peptide derivatives (including A3 and B3) containing eight amino acid residues were prepared by solid-phase synthesis, and evaluated for antibacterial activity and renal cytotoxicity. Among them, three compounds 6, 7 and 17 exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and significantly enhanced the activity for Gram-positive bacteria while maintaining the activity of Gram-negative bacteria. Several compounds improved the activity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compound 7 was active against all test strains and had relatively low renal cytotoxicity. The results provide a basis for the further development of novel polypeptide antibiotics.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of noise-induced hidden hearing loss by proteomics.Methods:In October 2022, 64 SPF male C57BL/6J mice were divided into control group and noise exposure group with 32 mice in each group according to random sampling method. The noise exposure group was exposed to 100 dB sound pressure level, 2000-16000 Hz broadband noise for 2 h, and the mouse hidden hearing loss model was established. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) was used to test the change of hearing threshold of mice on the 7th day after noise exposure, the damage of basal membrane hair cells was observed by immunofluorescence, and the differentially expressed proteins in the inner ear of mice in each group were identified and analyzed by 4D-Label-free quantitative proteomics, and verified by Western blotting. The results were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and t test. Results:On the 7th day after noise exposure, there was no significant difference in hearing threshold between the control group and the noise exposure group at click and 8000 Hz acoustic stimulation ( P>0.05) . The hearing threshold in the noise exposure group was significantly higher than that in the control group under 16000 Hz acoustic stimulation ( P<0.05) . Confocal immunofluorescence showed that the basal membrane hair cells of cochlear tissue in noise exposure group were arranged neatly, but the relative expression of C-terminal binding protein 2 antibody of presynaptic membrane in middle gyrus and basal gyrus was significantly lower than that in control group ( P<0.05) . GO enrichment analysis showed that the functions of differentially expressed proteins were mainly concentrated in membrane potential regulation, ligand-gated channel activity, and ligand-gated ion channel activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins were significantly enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, etc. Western blotting showed that the expression of inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor 3 (Itpr3) was increased and the expression of solute carrier family 38 member 2 (Slc38a2) was decreased in the noise exposure group ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:Through proteomic analysis, screening and verification of the differential expression proteins Itpr3 and Slc38a2 in the constructed mouse noise-induced hidden hearing loss model, the glutaminergic synaptic related pathways represented by Itpr3 and Slc38a2 may be involved in the occurrence of hidden hearing loss.

Aim To investigate the effects of dagliflozin (DAPA) on atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT) in rats with right heart failure (RHF) due to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group (CTL group), model group (MCT group), MCT + low-dose DAPA intervention group (MCT + LD group) and MCT + high-dose DAPA intervention group (MCT + HD group). After 35 days of continuous intervention, the model and cardiac function evaluation, atrial structural remodelling assessment, inflammatory factor detection, and in vivo cardiac electrophysiology experiments were completed. Results DAPA reduced menn pulmonaryarterial pressure (mPAP) and menn right ventricular pressure (mRVP) in the model rats (P <0.05), attenuated the inflammatory response (P < 0.05), reduced right atrial fibrosis (P <0.05), reduced AT induction rate (P < 0.05) and mean atrial tachyarrhythmia duration (MATD) (P < 0.05), the extent of which was more pronounced in the high-dose DAPA intervention group. Conclusions DAPA can reduce AT susceptibility in PAH-induced RHF rats, and the mechanisms may be related to the inhibition of systemic inflammation and anti-atrial fibrosis by DAPA.

Objective:To understand the etiological characteristics of 2 serotypes of Salmonella strains isolated from a foodborne disease outbreak. Methods:A total of 11 anal swabs of the cases, 13 suspected contaminated food and 10 environmental samples were collected from a foodborne disease outbreak occurred on September 8, 2022 in a school. The anal swabs were enriched with selenite brilliant green enrichment broth (SBG) and brain heart infusion broth (BHI) respectively. PCR detection and culture of common intestinal pathogens were carried out. The suspected food samples were tested according to national standards for food safety. Multiple suspected Salmonella colonies were obtained and selected for serotype determination and whole genome sequencing. Serotypes were determined based on the whole-genome sequence, and clustering analysis was performed based on core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Results:The positive rates of Salmonella in anal swabs and suspected food samples were 9/11 and 5/13 respectively. Both Salmonella Uganda and Salmonella Idikan were isolated from 4 anal swabs and 4 suspected food samples. For the remaining samples, only Salmonella Uganda or Salmonella Idikan was isolated in each sample. The positive rate of Salmonella in 11 anal swabs of the cases after BHI enrichment for 12 h and 24 h were all 9/11 in real-time PCR, same to the culture results. Salmonella Uganda and Salmonella Idikan formed two independent and genetically distant lineages in the clustering tree based on core genome SNP, and 0-14 and 0-23 SNP were observed in Salmonella Uganda and Salmonella Idikan respectively. Conclusions:This foodborne disease outbreak was probably caused by Salmonella Uganda and Salmonella Idikan, which both exhibited strong genetic diversity. The PCR based pathogen screening strategy plus pathogen enrichment for cases' annal swabs can be used in the routine outbreak investigation.

Humans ; Kidney/pathology* ; Kidney Neoplasms/surgery* ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the role of protein kinase D (PKD)1 in regulating the growth, apop-tosis, and drug sensitivity of the squamous carcinoma cell line SCC-25. METHODS: The SCC-25 cell line was transfected with either the control-shRNA or PKD1-shRNA plasmids. The stable transfected cells were selected, and the efficiency of PKD1 knockdown was detected by Western blot. The growth and apoptosis of SCC-25 were analyzed with a cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) and flow cytometry. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of paclitaxel in the control and PKD1 knockdown cell lines were detected by CCK-8. The expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and P-gp were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: PKD1 was constitutively expressed and phosphorylated in various cancer cell lines. Inhibiting the expression of PKD1 in SCC-25 cells by RNA interference could inhibit the growth and promote the apoptosis of SCC-25 cells via downregulating Bcl-2 expression. Additionally, inhibiting PKD1 expression could downregulate the expression of P-gp, thereby decreasing both the IC50 and resistance index of paclitaxel. CONCLUSIONS PKD1 plays an important role in regulating the biobehavior of SCC-25. It is a potential therapeutic target for oral squamous carcinoma.
Apoptosis ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Mouth Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of protein kinase D1 (PKD1) on the growth and metabolism of oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-4 cells and related molecular mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. METHODS: HSC-4 cell lines were transfected with shRNA plasmids. Three groups (Wild, control-shRNA, and PKD1-shRNA) were cultured under acidic or hypoxic environment for a certain time. Western blot was used to detect the expression of autophagy-related and glycolytic-related proteins. The proliferation changes were detected by CCK-8 kits. RESULTS: The PKD1-knockdown HSC-4 cell line was established. PKD1 silencing increased autophagy activity. Under hypoxic and acidic conditions, the PKD1-knockdown HSC-4 cells showed lower proliferation than the parental cells. PKD1-knockdown also decreased the expression of hypoxia induciblefactor 1α (HIF-1α) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2). CONCLUSIONS Under hypoxic and acidic conditions, PKD1 gene silencing can increase apoptotic autophagy activity. Downregulated PKD1 gene expression can reduce the glycolysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and inhibit tumor cell proliferation. This study revealed the important role of PKD1 in the metabolism and growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma, making it a possible target for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; Mouth Neoplasms ; Protein Kinases ; Tumor Microenvironment

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis (CPD) on the differentiation, activation, and secretion of osteoclast-maturing mediators of macrophages. METHODS: A total of 40 saliva samples were collected from healthy donors (n=20) and severe periodontitis patients (n=20). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and THP-1 monocyte line cells were challenged with 15% saliva for 5 days. The phenotype, surface marker, and phagocytosis of macrophages were analyzed by flow cytometry and microscopy. Osteoclast-maturing mediators were assayed by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS: When PBMCs were treated with CPD saliva for 5 days, 61.25%±11.33% of cells were transformed into large granular cells; 86.78%±13.69% of large granular cells were identified as CD14⁺⁺CD16⁺ macrophages. When THP-1 cells were treated with CPD saliva, most cells attached to the bottom of cell culture plates, thereby exhibiting macrophage morphology and releasing additional osteoclast-maturing mediators. Furthermore, the phagocytosis of THP-1 cells considerably increased in the presence of CPD saliva (66.35%±9.67%) compared with medium control (33.33%±7.52%), or healthy saliva (40.71%±3.52%). CONCLUSIONS Saliva from patients with CPD can induce macrophage differentiation, activate phagocytose microorganisms, and secrete osteoclast-maturing mediators.
Cell Differentiation ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; Macrophages ; Monocytes ; Periodontitis ; immunology ; Saliva