Objective This study was to explore the expression and significance of HMA2 in bladder cancer , analyze its correlations to clinicopathologic and recurrence of bladder cancer. Methods The expression of HMGA2 protein in 148 specimens of bladder cancer and 30 specimens of normal bladder tissues was detected by immunohistochemtry, its correlations to clinicopathologic features was analyzed. Results There was no expression of HMGA2 protein in normal bladder tissues,while the expression level of HMGA2 protein was getting higher with the increase of tumor pathology grade and stage. The positive rate of HMGA2 protein was 21.3% in G1 bladder cancer, 60. 3% in G2 bladder cancer, 82.1% in G3 bladder cancer, its difference is significant (P＜0. 001). It was significantly lower in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer than in muscle invasive bladder cancer (43.3% vs 72. 7%, P=0. 003). The patients were followed up for 2～95 months, patients of recurrence was 64,HMGA2 protein expression was significantly higher in patients with recurrence than with non-recurrence (54.7% vs 25.0%, P=0. 007). Conclusions The expression of HMGA2 protein was highly in bladder cancer, the positive rate of HMGA2 protein expression was related with classification,TMN stage and recurrence, but not with sex, age, tumor number (P＞0. 05). The detection of the expression of HMGA2 protein is in favor of diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of bladder cancer.

Objective To investigate the relationship on the excision repair cross complementing gene 1(ERCC1)‐4533/8092 site single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and the susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) in Guangxi Zhuang population . Methods Polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) method was used to detect the ER‐CC1‐4533/8092 gene polymorphism in 88 cases with primary liver cancer and 82 cases of normal controls .Results There was no difference in the frequency distribution of ERCC1‐4533 in the case group and the control group ,the frequency distribution of the ERCC1‐8092 in the case group and the control group was different(P< 0 .05) .Compared with ERCC1‐8092 CC ,ERCC1‐C8092 CA/AA had higher risk of primary hepatocellular carcinoma(CA :OR=2 .556 ,95% CI:1 .345 -4 .855;AA :OR= 8 .667 ,95% CI:1 .000-75 .092) .ERCC1‐8092 C allele as a reference ,ERCC1‐8092 A allele can increase the risk of primary liver cancer (OR=2 .387 ,95% CI:1 .428-3 .992) .Conclusion The genetic polymorphisms of ERCC1‐8092 sites are associated with susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma in Guangxi Zhuang population .

The past few years have witnessed enormous progresses in the development of antibody-drug conju-gates (ADCs). Consequently, comprehensive analysis of ADCs in biological systems is critical in sup-porting discovery, development and evaluation of these agents. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has emerged as a promising and versatile tool for ADC analysis across a wide range of scenarios, owing to its multiplexing ability, rapid method development, as well as the capability of analyzing a variety of targets ranging from small-molecule payloads to the intact protein with a high, molecular resolution. However, despite this tremendous potential, challenges persist due to the high complexity in both the ADC molecules and the related biological systems. This review summarizes the up-to-date LC-MS-based strategies in ADC analysis and discusses the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly-evolving field.

Abstract: Objective　This paper aims to explore the effect of live attenuated varicella vaccine on the sensitivity of tuberculin skin test(TST), and to provide reference for tuberculin skin test in the future. Methods　TST and emergency varicella vaccine were administered to students in grade one of a high school in Wuxi, Jiangsu province, who had both TB and varicella cases. Independent-samples t test was used to analyze the mean diameter of induration of TST in day 0, day 83 and day 195. The retrospective cohort study was used to analyze the effect of live attenuated varicella vaccine on TST. 　　Results　The mean induration diameter of 45 students who participated in three TST tests on day 0, day 83 and day 195 were analyzed by independent sample t test. On day 0, there was a difference in the mean diameter of TST induration between the unvaccinated and vaccinated groups(1.630±2.837 vs 5.818±4.530) (t=-3.692, P=0.001). On day 83, there was no difference in the mean diameter of TST induration between the two groups(0.001±0.001 vs 0.114±0.533) (t=-1.000, P=0.329). On day 195, there was a difference in the mean diameter of TST induration between the two groups(1.913±3.774 vs 5.023±5.126) (t=-2.309, P=0.026). Moreover, the retrospective cohort study showed that the mean diameter of TST induration changed more significantly after inoculation with varicella vaccine, RR=6.071, 95%CI (1.667-22.116), P<0.05; After inoculation with varicella vaccine, the mean diameter of TST test did not change significantly from day 0 to day 195 with no statistical significance RR=3.474, 95%CI (0.333-36.240), P>0.05. Conclusions　Live attenuated varicella vaccine may temporarily affect the sensitivity of tuberculin skin test.

OBJECTIVETo establish a nude mouse model of orthotopically transplanted human primary malignant lymphoma of the liver, and to serve researches on pathogenesis and experimental treatment of this disease.

METHODSSmall pieces of lymphoma tissues freshly taken from patients with primary lymphoma of the liver were orthotopically transplanted into the liver parenchyma in nude mice. Tumorgenicity, invasion, metastasis, and morphological characteristics were examined by light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. AFP, HBsAg and LDH were assayed by serological test. Karyotype analysis and DNA content of orthotopically transplanted tumors were also performed.

RESULTSA nude mouse model of orthotopically transplanted human primary malignant lymphoma of the liver was successfully established and named HLBL-0102. The tumor was confirmed as primary lymphoma of the liver (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, B cell) by histopathology. Immunohistochemistry showed positive expression of CD19, CD20, CD45 and CD79a, but negative of CD3 and CD7. Serological test indicated that AFP was negative, HBsAg positive and the concentration of LDH was 1267.5 U/L. The number of chromosomes was between 55 and 59. DNA index (DI) was 1.57 approximately 1.61 (i.e. heteroploid). So far, the strain HLBL-0102 has grown for 3 years and been passaged for 37 generations in nude mice. Totally 283 nude mice were used for transplantation and the successful rate was 100%. Both the growth rate and resuscitation rate of liquid nitrogen cryo-preserved transplanted tumors were 100%. The transplanted tumors grew intensely and invasively in the liver of nude mice and damaged adjacent liver tissues, bile ducts and portal vein areas. No involvement of other tissues and organs and distal lymph nodes was observed.

CONCLUSIONTo our knowledge it is the first report of successfully established nude mouse model of orthotopically transplanted human primary malignant lymphoma of the liver. The HLBL-0102 model simulate very well the natural process of human primary lymphoma of the liver and provides an ideal animal model for researches on the biology and therapies of this malignancy.

Animals ; Bile Duct Neoplasms ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; immunology ; pathology ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; immunology ; pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Transplantation

OBJECTIVETo study the clinicopathologic features of urothelial hyperplastic lesion with an endophytic growth pattern and the role of immunohistochemistry and multitargeted fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the differential diagnosis.

METHODSForty-one cases of urothelial lesions exhibiting endophytic growth patterns were reviewed and reclassified as inverted papilloma, urothelial carcinoma with an endophytic growth pattern, and florid von Brunn nest. The gains of chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and loss of 9p21 was detected by FISH, and performed immunohistochemical staining for CK20, p53, and Ki-67. Follow-up data of 12 cases were obtained.

RESULTS(1) Twelve inverted papillomas sized 1.2 cm in average, consisted of anastomosing cords and nests with uniform width distribution involving the lamina propria, the central portion contained streaming cells with squamous metaplasia, and the periphery showed palisading. No or rare atypia and mitosis were found. Focal exophytic papillary component lined by less than 6 layers of normal urothelium were observed in 4 cases. (2) Twenty-four urothelial carcinomas with an endophytic growth pattern sized 2.1 cm in average, demonstrated the similar architecture with inverted papilloma, but exhibited thick columns and variable thickness of the cords, irregular size and shape of large nests with transition into solids. Mild to moderate cytologic atypia was shown, and mitotic figures ranged 1 to 8 per 10 HPFs. Exophytic papillary component was not observed in 3 cases, but the superficial urothelium showed dysplasia, while coexisted exophytic component in other cases was associated with low malignant potential or low grade tumor. (3) Five florid von Brunn nests sized 0.9 cm in average, had normal or hyperplastic urothelium, variable nests with cysts compacted in lamina propria, no cytologic atypia and mitosis. Twenty-one of 24 (79.1%) urothelial carcinomas with an endophytic growth pattern displayed abnormally positive results by multitargeted FISH, whereas all inverted papillomas and florid von Brunn nests were negative. Immunohistochemically, CK20 was weakly positive in 2 cases of urothelial carcinoma with an endophytic growth pattern, and negative in all inverted papillomas and florid von Brunn nests. p53 weakly stained 5% to 50% nuclei of the tumor cells in 16 cases of urothelial carcinomas with an endophytic growth pattern and 1 inverted papilloma. 1%-5% tumor cells expressed Ki-67 in urothelial carcinoma with an endophytic growth pattern, and less than 1% in inverted papilloma and florid von Brunn nests. Follow-up study revealed that 2 cases of urothelial carcinoma with an endophytic growth pattern had developed invasive carcinoma, underwent cystectomy, and metastasized remotely. No recurrence occurred in cases of inverted papilloma.

CONCLUSIONSBenign and malignant urothelial lesions with an endophytic growth pattern present histologic overlapping. Urothelial carcinoma with an endophytic growth pattern displays unique characteristics in morphology and immunohistochemistry. Multitargeted FISH analysis is helpful in the differential diagnosis.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Keratin-20 ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Papilloma, Inverted ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; metabolism ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Urothelium ; metabolism ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the significance of Th17/Treg imbalance in the development and treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in children.

METHODSThirty-two children diagnosed with ITP between May and August, 2015 and 22 healthy children were enrolled. Flow cytometry was used to determine the Th17/Treg ratio in peripheral blood of healthy children and children with ITP before and after treatment with immunoglobulin.

RESULTSCompared with the patients with ITP before treatment, the healthy children and the patients treated with immunoglobulin had a significantly lower percentage of Th17 cells in CD4+ T cells, a significantly lower Th17/Treg ratio, and a significantly higher percentage of Treg cells in CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood (P<0.05). In the 32 ITP children treated with immunoglobulin, 20 had complete response, 4 had response, and 8 had no response. The patients with complete response had a significantly lower percentage of Th17 cells in CD4+ T cells and a significantly lower Th17/Treg ratio in peripheral blood than the patients without response (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe Th17/Treg imbalance can be found in children with ITP. Immunoglobulin can improve the cellular immune function by regulation of the Th17/Treg ratio. The Th17/Treg ratio may serve as an indicator for assessing the therapeutic effects of ITP.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; immunology ; Th17 Cells ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo detect the methylation status of 5'CpG island in the core promotor of maspin gene in RKO human colorectal cell line,and to explore the transcription regulation of DNA 5'CpG island demethylation on maspin tumor suppressor gene and its effect on the growth of cancer cell.

METHODSThe status of 5 'CpG island methylation of maspin gene in RKO human colorectal cell line was analyzed using methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). After treated with a specific demethylating agent, 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) was used to examine maspin gene expression. Cell proliferation was evaluated using MTT assay,distribution of cell cycle and rate of apoptosis were determined using flow cytometry.

RESULTSThe 5'CpG island methylation in the core promotor of maspin gene was detected in RKO human colorectal cell line. After treatment with three different concentration of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, the expression of maspin mRNA increased 10.89, 16.91, 23.97 times respectively. MTT array showed the proliferation activity of RKO cell line was obviously reduced after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. The cells were arrested in G(0)/G(1) phase,and the apoptosis rates were 5.17%, 8.71% and 11.23% respectively compared with control group.

CONCLUSIONThe 5'CpG island methylation is probably responsible for maspin expression silencing in RKO human colorectal cell line, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine may effectively cause demethylation and inhibit the growth of tumor cell by reactivating the gene transcription silenced by aberrant hypermethylation.

Azacitidine ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; CpG Islands ; drug effects ; DNA Methylation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; drug effects ; Humans ; Serpins ; genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; drug effects

Objective To create multi-parameter analysis model by conventional two-dimensional echorcardiography( 2DE) and three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging( 3D-STI) in order to improve the early diagnosis in MYH7G + P- mutation carriers of familiar hypertrophic cardiomyopathy( HCM ) . Methods Twenty-eight MYH7 mutation carriers without left ventricular hypertrophy ( MYH7G + P- ) were enrolled as the research group , while 27 MYBPC3 mutation carriers without left ventricular hypertrophy ( MYBPC3G + P- ) were selected as the control group . The clinical data ,conventional 2DE and tissue Doppler imaging ( TDI) parameters of the two groups were acquired ,including the maximum of the thickness of interventricular septum( IVS) and left ventricular posterior ventricular wall thickness( LVPWT ) in end of diastole ,mitral flow E and A velocities ,E peak deceleration time( EDT ) ,atrioventricular filling time ,mitral annulus velocity of interventricular septum IVS-e' and lateral wall L-e' ,interventricular septum IVS-a' and lateral wall L-a' peak in diastole ,calculate mean value e' and a' ,and calculate E/ e' ,E/A ,left atrial volume index( LAVI) ,left ventricular mass index( LVMI) ,left ventricular ejection fraction( LVEF) and isovolumic relaxation time( IVRT ) ,isovolumic contraction time( IVCT ) . The global longitudinal peak strain( GLS) , global radial peak strain( GRS) ,global circumferential peak strain( GCS) and global area peak strain( GAS) were acquired by 3D-STI . All parameters were compared between research group and control group . Results Compared with the control group ,research group significantly increased in LAVI , maximum IVS and LVPWT ,LVMI and GAS( P < 0 .01) . There were no significant difference in TDI parameters( P > 0 .05) . For single parameter ,the area under ROC curve( AUC) were successively LVPWT > LAVI > IVS > LVMI >GAS( 0 .772 ,0 .738 ,0 .733 ,0 .719 ,0 .714 ,respectively) . AUC of multi-parameters was 0 .912 ,the sensitivity and specificity were 85 .2％ and 96 .3％ ,respectively . Conclusions Multi-parameter analysis model by conventional 2DE and 3D-STI can significantly improve the recognition efficiency of early diagnosis MYH7G + P- of familiar HCM . With further ,maximum LVPWT is an independent predictor of distinction MYH7G + P- and MYBPC3G + P- .

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical application value of 8.5/11.5 F transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of refractory hematospermia.

METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed 78 cases of refractory hematospermia diagnosed and treated by 8.5/11.5 F transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy from June 2012 to June 2014. The patients underwent serum PSA examination, transrectal ultrasonography, seminal vesicle ultrasonography, and pelvis CT or MRI before surgery, and all received transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy under the 8.5/11.5 F rigid ureteroscope.

RESULTSOperations were all successfully accomplished, which revealed abnormal opening of the ejaculatory duct in 5 cases, mucosal inflammatory hyperemia in the prostatic utricle and seminal vesicle in 78, dark red mucilage substance in the seminal vesicle in 34, seminal vesicle stones in 19, small polyp in the seminal vesicle in 2, and ejaculatory duct or seminal vesicle cyst in 4. All the patients received symptomatic treatment during the surgery. After surgery, hematouria was found in 13 cases, which disappeared within 2 weeks, pelvic hematoma in 1 case, which was cured by conservative treatment within 3 months, and epididymitis in 2 cases, which was controlled by anti-infection treatment. Hematospermia recurred in 3 cases during the 1-year postoperative follow-up.

CONCLUSION8.5/11.5 F transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy, with its advantages of easy operation, wide field of vision, large channel for operation, and few complications, deserves general clinical application in the diagnosis and treatment of refractory hematospermia.

Calculi ; Ejaculatory Ducts ; Endoscopy ; methods ; Epididymitis ; etiology ; Hemospermia ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Postoperative Period ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Seminal Vesicles ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Urethra