OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effect and reproductive outcome of pelviscopic ovarian drilling in infertile patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome resistant to clomiphene citrate. METHODS: Twenty two patients involved in this study were taken pelviscopic ovarian drilling with needle electrocautery. Change of characteristic LH/FSH ratio before and after operative treatment, ovulation and pregnancy success were followed up. Paired t-test was applied for hormonal change (p<0.05). RESULTS: Thirteen of 14 patients (93%) treated only with pelviscopic ovarian drilling showed successful ovulation with or without clomiphene citrate and among these 10 patients (71%) were success in pregnancy and 9 patients delivered full term babies. When including patients who needed other assisted reproductive technique and specific medication of endometriosis 17 of 22 patients (77%) were successfully pregnant and 15 patients (68%) delivered healthy babies. The mean LH/FSH ratio 2.0+/-0.5 before treatment were decreased to 1.26+/-0.37 after treatment (p<0.05). Interestingly, among 22 patients, various degree endometriosis were found during pelviscopy and specific medication with GnRH analogue were followed. CONCLUSION: Pelviscopic ovarian drilling showed successful ovulation rate and effective reproductive outcome in clomiphene-resistant infertile patients with PCO. This surgical technique seems to be an alternative step for the management of clomiphene-resistant infertile patients with PCO and also for the diagnosis of possible high rate of endometriosis in these patents.
Clomiphene* ; Diagnosis ; Electrocoagulation ; Endometriosis ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Humans ; Needles ; Ovulation ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome* ; Pregnancy ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

To investigate effects of the shared living on nutrient intakes,250 college male students who were living alone (104 men) or sharing accommodation with friends (134 men) were participated. Their average age was 22.6 years, their average height was 171.8 cm, their average weight was 65.6 kg and their average Body Mass Index (BMI) was 22.2. The caloric intakes of the men living alone or sharing accommodation were 55.9% and 72.5% of the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), respectively. The decreased caloric level of the group living alone seemed to be due to their decreased protein and fat consumption as compared to that of the group sharing accommodation. The group living alone consumed increased amounts of fiber for breakfast and half the carbohydrates, but more fat (p<0.05) in snacks than the group sharing accommodation. The daily carbohydrate : protein : fat (C : P : F) ratio averaged 58.6 14.1 27.3, which is a lower carbohydrate and a higher fat ratio than the Korean recommended ratio. However, the group living alone was closer to the Korean recommended ratio than the group sharing accommodation. The food intake habits were evaluated as being poorer in the group living alone as compared to the group sharing accommodation, less frequent consumption of fried/pan-fried dishes, and fruits/juices, but more frequent consumption of instant/processed foods. In comparing the eating patterns of the two groups, the group living alone showed better eating habits, such as more 'breakfast eating' and less 'snacking in the morning, afternoon or late at night' whereas the group sharing accommodation showed better eating habits such as less 'picky eaters' and less 'eating out'. In the group living alone, their lower caloric intake was assumably due to their fewer side dishes, however they showed higher eating frequencies of instant i processed foods. Since the lifestyle of living alone seems to grow gradually among young men, we strongly recommend dietary education for them.
Body Mass Index ; Breakfast ; Carbohydrates ; Eating* ; Education ; Energy Intake* ; Friends* ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male* ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Snacks

Small bowel malignancy consists 1~2% of overall gastrointestinal tract cancer and leiomyosarcomas of small intestine are 10~20% of small bowel malignancy. Small bowel leiomyosarcomas are rare in incidence and have no specific symptoms, signs or definite radiologic findings, so it is not easy to diagnose at early stage of disease. They are found occasionally by unknown origined gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, perforation and palpable mass, and diagnosed mostly by operation. Recently annual case reports are increasing trend in Korea. We experienced two cases of small bowel leiomyosarcomas which was diagnosed finally by pathologic findings, so we report them with literatural review.
Abdominal Pain ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms ; Hemorrhage ; Incidence ; Intestinal Obstruction ; Intestine, Small* ; Korea ; Leiomyosarcoma*

OBJECTIVES: The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a useful non-invasive tool to investigate the autonomic nerve function. Previous studies on the relationship between HRV and depression have been reported controversial results. Similarly, the correlation between the serum lipids and depression is debatable. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between heart rate variability, lipid profile and depression. METHODS: A total of 42 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 32 age and sex-matched normal subjects who had no previous history of major medical and mental illnesses were recruited for this study. A structured-interview was used to assess the general characteristics and psychiatric illness. HRV measures were assessed by time-domain and frequency-domain analyses. Psychological symptoms were measured using the Hamilton rating scale for anxiety (HAM-A), Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D). In addition, the evaluation for lipid profile was performed by blood test. RESULTS: In serum lipid profile test, MDD group showed higher cholesterol (197.68+/-42.94 mg/dL vs. 176.85+/-34.68 mg/dL, p=0.044), TG (139.45+/-92.54 mg/dL vs. 91.4+/-65.68 mg/dL, p=0.018), LDL (130.03+/-33.18 vs. 106.62+/-27.08, p=0.004) level than normal control group. In HRV time domain analyses, the standard deviation of the NN interval (SDNN) was decreased in MDD group than normal control group, but was not significant (32.82+/-14.33 ms vs. 40.36+/-21.40ms, p=0.078). ApEn (Approximate Entrophy) was significantly increased in MDD group than normal control group (1.13+/-0.11 vs. 0.91+/-0.18, p<0.001). ApEn was correlated with LDL level (r=0.277, p=0.028), HAM-D scores (r=0.534, p<0.001) and HAM-A scores (r=0.470, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: MDD patients showed increased ApEn, one of the HRV measurement. And this ApEn was correlated with LDL, HAM-D and HAM-A scores. In this study, the analysis of ApEn would be a useful test of MDD.
Anxiety ; Autonomic Pathways ; Cholesterol ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Heart ; Heart Rate ; Humans

No abstract available.
Classification* ; Humans ; Leukemia* ; Survival Rate*

No abstract available.

PURPOSE: This study was done using meta-analysis to examine 58 studies from studies published in the past eight years (2000 to 2007) that included variables related to adolescents' suicidal ideation. METHODS: The materials for this study were based on 32 variables which were selected from masters' thesis, doctoral dissertation and articles from Journals of the Korean Academy of Nursing. RESULTS: The classification consisted of 5 variables groups and 32 variables. In terms of effect size on risk, variables which were significant included psychological variables (0.668), socio-cultural variables (0.511), family environmental variables (0.405), school environmental variables (0.221), and personal characteristics variables (0.147). In terms of effect size on protection, variables which were significant included personal characteristics variables (-1.107), psychological variables (-0.526), family environmental variables (-0.264), and school environmental variables (-0.155). In terms of effect size on risk variables, psychological variables (0.668) were highest. In terms of effect size on protective variables, the variable of personal characteristic (-1.107) was the highest. CONCLUSION: While the results indicate possible risk and protective variables for suicidal ideation, but prediction is still difficult. Further study to compare adolescents with similar variables but no suicidal ideation and those with suicidal ideation is necessary.
Adolescent ; Family Relations ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Stress, Psychological ; Suicide/*psychology

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of embryos using early cleavage to 2-cell stage has been proposed, but a critical time-point for selecting embryos is unclear. The aim of the present study is to provide a guideline including critical time-point in the selection of early cleaving embryo for the reduction of multiple pregnancies as well as the increase of pregnancy rate in human IVF. METHODS: This prospective study was performed in 116 cycles from 85 patients who underwent conventional IVF or ICSI at the infertility clinic of Good Moonhwa Hospital from January 2002 to December 2003. Early cleavage (EC) of embryos to 2-cell stage was assessed at 25 h and 27 h postinsemination/microinjection. Embryos that had early cleaved at each time point were designated as EC-1 and EC-2, respectively, while others were designated as non-early cleavage (NEC). RESULTS: At least one early cleavage embryo was observed in 54 (46.6%) for the EC-1 and 84 (72.4%) for the EC-2 of the 116 cycles assessed. Clinical pregnancy rates (PR) were significantly higher in the EC-1 group (66.7%) compared to the EC-2 group (53.6%) or the NEC group (31.2%) (p<0.05). Significant improvement of the pregnancy rate was found when at least two or more embryos were early cleaved at 25 h postinsemination or when the proportion of early cleavage embryo at 25 h postinsemination was higher than 20% (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The critical time-point for the selection of early cleavage embryos with high implantation potential is more effective in 25 h postinsemination/microinjection compared to 27 h. The proportion as well as number of early cleavage embryos is also an important factor for the prediction of pregnancy outcome and the chance of multiple pregnancies. These results demonstrated that the evaluation of early cleavage embryos to 2-cell stage is an easy, simple, and objective method for the selection of good quality embryos suitable for embryo transfer.
Embryo Transfer ; Embryonic Structures* ; Female ; Humans* ; Infertility ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy Rate* ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnancy, Multiple ; Prospective Studies ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic

OBJECTIVES: Sleep problems has been consistently reported as a suicidal risk factor in adults and, recently, also in adolescents. In this study, dividing study subjects by the previous suicidal behaviors (suicidal vs non-suicidal), we compared the group differences of suicidal risk factors, and examined the possibility of sleep as a suicidal risk factor. METHODS: Study subjects were 561 (271 boys and 290 girls) from a community sample of high school students. Suicidal Risk Behavior Checklist, Center for Epidemiological Study-Depression (CES-D), Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R) Anxiety and Aggression subscale, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were done. RESULTS: Forty six students (8.1%) reported previous actual self-harm behavior as a suicidal attempt, 181 students (32.4%) reported having suicidal thought only. Three hundred thirty four students (59.5%) reported no previous suicidal behavior (thought and attempt, both). Suicidal behavior group showed higher score on risk behaviors such as school violence, substance use and internet addiction. CES-D, SCL-90-R, PSQI showed significant group difference. Logistic regression analysis showed suicidal risk were significantly associated with depression, stress in suicidal risk factors and sleep latency, daytime dysfunction in PSQI. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows the most prolonged sleep latency and increased index of all PSQI components except sleep efficiency in suicidal attempt group. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep Problems had a strong association with the suicidal risk behavior in adolescents. Sleep problems, especially, prolonged sleep latency, daytime dysfunction might be important markers for suicidal behavior. Screening for sleep problems in adolescents are encouraged for the parents, school teachers, and related medical physicians.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aggression ; Anxiety ; Checklist ; Depression ; Humans ; Internet ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening ; Parents ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Suicide ; Violence

LMP (latent membrane protein)-1 protein is one of the Epstein-Barr viral proteins and it is the most crucial one for the transforming activity. It is known to show considerable variation in its nucleic acid sequence and some biologic difference is reported to be associated with the variation. Twenty four cases of the EBV-associated Hodgkin's disease cases were searched for the 30-bp deletion within the C terminal intracytoplasmic domain of LMP-1 oncogene, one of the well-known genetic variation, by PCR and Southern blot using selected sets of primers and probes. The strain of the virus was also determined with PCR. Each case was positive both on LMP-1 immunostaining and in situ hybridization for EBER (Epstein-Barr encoded RNA). Deletion within LMP-1 oncogene was identified in 22 cases (92%), of which 5 cases showed wild form as well as a deleted form of LMP-1 at the same specimens. In seven cases showing the non-deleted form, pure or mixed with a deleted form, the distribution of sex and age was similar to that of the deleted form-only-group, but there was a slight tendency for a higher stage at presentation (4 of the 7 cases presented with stage IV). Those seven cases comprised of 4 cases of nodular sclerosis (NS), 2 cases of mixed cellularity (MC) and a case of lymphocyte depletion subtype while there were 9 and 12 cases of NS and MC among all the examined cases, respectively. Two cases with both a deleted form and the non-deleted form of LMP-1 showed type I and II strain of the virus while all the others contained only type of the. In conclusion, the rate of deletion in LMP-1 oncogene in our series was higher than that reported in western countries and there was a slight tendency for higher stages in cases detecting mixed deleted and non-deleted forms of LMP-1 than in cases a of deleted from of LMP-1.
Blotting, Southern ; Genetic Variation ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Hodgkin Disease* ; In Situ Hybridization ; Korea* ; Lymphocyte Depletion ; Membranes ; Oncogenes* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sclerosis ; Viral Proteins