BACKGROUNDExtensive atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is associated with an increased success rate of catheter ablation in chronic AF patients and an increased rate of atrial tachycardia (AT) during the procedure. The mechanism of these ATs varies in previous studies. Our study aimed to report the mechanism of organized AT occurring during the stepwise ablation procedure of chronic AF.

METHODSA prospective cohort of 86 consecutive patients who underwent an ablation procedure for chronic atrial fibrillation (CAF) was investigated. The stepwise procedure was performed in the following order: circumferential pulmonary vein ablation, complex fractionated atrial electrograms ablation, mapping and ablation of AT. The endpoint was noninducibility of AF/AT after sinus rhythm (SR) was restored or the procedure time was beyond 6 hours.

RESULTSSixty-nine (80%) of patients converted to SR via AT. A total of 179 sustained ATs were observed in 69 patients during the procedure. There were 81% (n = 145) macroreentrant ATs which included 65 perimitral circuits, 48 peritricuspid tachycardia and 32 roof dependent circuits, 12% (n = 21) localized reentrant and 7% (n = 13) focal ATs. Thirty (15%) patients experienced significant left atrium (LA) and LA appendage (LAA) conduction delay or dissociation in the procedure or during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONSMost CAF patients converted to SR via ablation of organized AT occurring during the stepwise procedure. The mechanism of most of these ATs was macro-reentry.

Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation ; surgery ; Catheter Ablation ; methods ; Electrophysiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUNDThe optimal endpoint for catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) remains ambiguous. This study investigated the impact of AF termination as a procedural endpoint and the termination mode on long-term clinical outcome.

METHODSTwo hundred and ninety-three patients who underwent stepwise ablation for persistent AF were categorized into the AF termination by ablation group and into the electrical cardioversion (CV) group. Subgroups were also analyzed based on different termination modes. Follow-up assessment included early recurrence and sinus rhythm (SR) maintenance.

RESULTSDuring initial ablation, 33 patients (11.3%) were directly converted to SR, 166 patients (56.7%) were converted to atrial tachycardia (AT) that subsequently restored SR with further ablation in 98 patients (33.4%), and a total of 162 patients (55.3%) underwent cardioversion due to persistent atrial arrhythmias. Comparison between termination by ablation and termination by cardioversion in patients exhibiting AF or AT revealed that no significant difference was observed in early recurrence (38.2% vs. 43.8%, P = 0.328) and SR maintenance (67.2% vs. 59.8%, P = 0.198) during the (23 ± 7) months follow-up. Even after repeat ablation, the SR maintenance continued to exhibit no statistical difference in above two groups (72.5% vs. 70.4%, P = 0.686). Further analysis of subgroups, however, demonstrated that patients with AF terminated directly to SR experienced better clinical outcomes than other subgroups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, atrial arrhythmias present during ablation have been implicated in prediction of recurrence mode: AF or AT (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSTermination as a procedural endpoint is not associated with favorable long-term SR maintenance in persistent AF. AF methods that convert arrhythmia directly to SR have, however, been linked with improved clinical outcomes, although conversions to AT may not be correlated. Atrial arrhythmias observed during the ablation may be used to predict the recurrence mode.

Adult ; Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Catheter Ablation ; methods ; Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

The effects of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide ( CTAB) , ascorbic acid, NaBH4 and AgNO3 , as well as the stirring time and reaction time on the preparation of gold nanorods synthesized with seedless growth method were studied. The optimum preparation conditions were obtained in the process of growth of gold nanorods. The gold nanorods prepared under different conditions were characterized by visible absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) . Under the optimum conditions such as room temperature, 0. 1 mol/L CTAB, 96 μmol/L AgNO3 , 0. 97 mmol/L ascorbic acid, 1. 5 μmol/L NaBH4 and stirring for 25 s, micro-sized gold nanorods with uniform morphology, good dispersibility, small shaft width and high aspect ratio were prepared within 6 h. The gold nanorods were expected to be applied to the detection of mercury ion in water environment.

Catheter Ablation ; methods ; Heart Atria ; surgery ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; surgery ; Humans ; Postoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; Tachycardia, Supraventricular ; prevention & control

BACKGROUNDIt is unclear whether a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) would impact the effect of catheter ablation on persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to compare the effect of catheter ablation on persistent AF with and without a history of PAF.

METHODSOne hundred and eighty-three patients underwent catheter ablation of persistent AF lasting for > 1 month and were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether they had a history of PAF or not. Group I consisted of persistent AF patients with a history of PAF, and group II consisted of persistent AF patients without such a history. All patients received catheter ablation focused on pulmonary vein isolation and were observed for arrhythmia recurrences, which were defined as documented episodes of AF or atrial tachycardia after a blanking period of 3 months.

RESULTSOne hundred and three patients (60.9%) in group I and sixty-six patients (39.1%) in group II were successfully followed and included in analysis. There were no significant differences in clinical and echocardiographic characteristics between both groups except for a younger age and more male patients in group II. After (15.5 ± 10.7) months of follow-up, 59 (57.3%) patients in group I and 49 (74.2%) patients in group II maintained sinus rhythm free of anti-arrhythmia drugs (P = 0.025). Multivariate analyses found left atrial anteroposterior diameter (P = 0.006) and persistent AF with a history of PAF (OR 1.792, 95%CI 1.019 - 3.152; P = 0.043) as the only independent statistical predictors of arrhythmia recurrences.

CONCLUSIONThe arrhythmia recurrence rate of catheter ablation based on pulmonary vein isolation in persistent AF with a history of PAF was higher than those without a history of PAF.

Adult ; Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation ; surgery ; Catheter Ablation ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Pulmonary Veins ; surgery ; Recurrence

Background The optimal endpoint for catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) remains ambiguous.This study investigated the impact of AF termination as a procedural endpoint and the termination mode on long-term clinical outcome.Methods Two hundred and ninety-three patients who underwent stepwise ablation for persistent AF were categorized into the AF termination by ablation group and into the electrical cardioversion (CV) group.Subgroups were also analyzed based on different termination modes.Follow-up assessment included early recurrence and sinus rhythm (SR) maintenance.Results During initial ablation,33 patients (11.3％) were directly converted to SR,166 patients (56.7％) were converted to atrial tachycardia (AT) that subsequently restored SR with further ablation in 98 patients (33.4％),and a total of 162 patients (55.3％) underwent cardioversion due to persistent atrial arrhythmias.Comparison between termination by ablation and termination by cardioversion in patients exhibiting AF or AT revealed that no significant difference was observed in early recurrence (38.2％ vs.43.8％,P=0.328) and SR maintenance (67.2％ vs.59.8％,P=0.198) during the (23±7) months follow-up.Even after repeat ablation,the SR maintenance continued to exhibit no statistical difference in above two groups (72.5％ vs.70.4％,P=0.686).Further analysis of subgroups,however,demonstrated that patients with AF terminated directly to SR experienced better clinical outcomes than other subgroups (P ＜0.05).Furthermore,atrial arrhythmias present during ablation have been implicated in prediction of recurrence mode:AF or AT (P ＜0.05).Conclusions Termination as a procedural endpoint is not associated with favorable long-term SR maintenance in persistent AF.AF methods that convert arrhythmia directly to SR have,however,been linked with improved clinical outcomes,although conversions to AT may not be correlated.Atrial arrhythmias observed during the ablation may be used to predict the recurrence mode.

Atrial Fibrillation ; surgery ; Cardiac Tamponade ; etiology ; surgery ; Catheter Ablation ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo observe pathological characteristic of bone and soft tissue of the medial aspect of the first metatarsal head in order to investigate the pathogenesis of hallux valgus.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty-three patients with hallux valgus (235 feet) were obtained from August 2003 to December 2004 in our department. The bone and soft tissue of the medial aspect of the first metatarsal head were taken out from the incision. The pathological conditions of specimen were observed by HE stain.

RESULTSThe pathological changes included: degeneration and desmoplasia around the attachment point of tendon and joint capsule, reactive hyperplasia of periost, decreasing of bone trabecula, cartilaginification of periost, cortical bone and tendon insertion, bone formation and osteoclasts response.

CONCLUSIONThe pathological changes of the medial aspect of the first metatarsal head of hallux valgus presented extensive chronic inflammation.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Hallux Valgus ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Metatarsal Bones ; pathology ; Middle Aged

BACKGROUNDMajor atrial coronary arteries, including the sinus node artery (SNA), were commonly found in the areas involved in atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation and could cause difficulties in achieving linear block at the left atrial (LA) roof. The SNA is a major atrial coronary artery of the atrial coronary circulation. This study aimed to determine impact of the origin of SNA on recurrence of AF after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with paroxysmal AF.

METHODSSeventy-eight patients underwent coronary angiography for suspected coronary heart disease, followed by catheter ablation for paroxysmal AF. According to the origin of SNA from angiographic findings, they were divided into right SNA group (SNA originating from the right coronary artery) and left SNA group (SNA originating from the left circumflex artery). Guided by an electroanatomic mapping system, circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA) was performed in both groups and PVI was the procedural endpoint. All patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post-ablation. Recurrence was defined as any episode of atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATAs), including AF, atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia, that lasted longer than 30 seconds after a blanking period of 3 months.

RESULTSThe SNA originated from the right coronary artery in 34 patients (43.6%) and the left circumflex artery in 44 patients (56.4%). Freedom from AF and antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) at 1 year was 67.9% (53/78) for all patients. After 1 year follow-up, 79.4% (27/34) in right SNA group and 59.1% (26/44) in left SNA group (P = 0.042) were in sinus rhythm. On multivariate analysis, left atrium size (HR = 1.451, 95%CI: 1.240 - 1.697, P < 0.001) and a left SNA (HR = 6.22, 95%CI: 2.01 - 19.25, P = 0.002) were the independent predictors of AF recurrence.

CONCLUSIONSThe left SNA is more frequent in the patients with paroxysmal AF. After one year follow-up, the presence of a left SNA was identified as an independent predictor of AF recurrence after CPVA in paroxysmal AF.

Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Catheter Ablation ; Coronary Vessels ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Veins ; surgery ; Recurrence

BACKGROUNDCatheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) has been demonstrated to be effective in a subsets of patients with AF. However, very few data are available in regard to patients with prior history of stroke undergoing catheter ablation. This study aimed to investigate the outcome of catheter ablation in AF patients with prior ischemic stroke.

METHODSBetween January 2008 and December 2011, of 1897 consecutive patients who presented at Beijing An Zhen Hospital for treatment of drug-refractory AF, 172 (9.1%) patients in the study population had a history of ischemic stroke. All patients underwent catheter ablation and were followed up to assess maintenance of sinus rhythm and recurrence of symptomatic stroke.

RESULTSAmong these 1897 patients, 1768 (93.2%) who had complete follow-up information for a minimum of six months were included in the final analysis. Patients in the stroke group (group I) and the no-stroke group (group II) were similar in regards to gender, body mass index (BMI), history of diabetes, type of AF, and left atrial size. The patients in group I were older than those in group II, and had a higher incidence of hypertension, chronic heart failure, lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and higher CHADS2 scores. Six months after ablation, 107 (68.6%) patients in group I and 1403 (87.1%) in group II had discontinued warfarin treatment (P < 0.001). During a median follow-up of (633 ± 415) days, 65 patients in the group I and 638 in group II experienced AF recurrence, and five patients in group I and 28 in group II developed symptomatic stroke. The rates of AF recurrence and recurrent stroke were similar between group I and group II (41.7% vs. 39.6%, P = 0.611; 3.2% vs. 1.7%, P = 0.219; respectively).

CONCLUSIONCatheter ablation of AF in patients with prior stroke is feasible and efficient.

Aged ; Atrial Fibrillation ; surgery ; Catheter Ablation ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Stroke ; surgery