PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of job stress, emotional labor, and positive psychological capital on the job satisfaction of physician assistants (PAs). METHODS: The sample consisted of 166 PAs working in general hospitals in B city, Y city, and C city. Data were analyzed through the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. RESULTS: The factors of job stress (β=−.488, p<.001), positive psychological capital (β=.188, p=.004), and total clinical career (β=−.147, p=.014) had the greatest influence on the level of job satisfaction experienced by the PAs. The total explanatory power was 49.9%. CONCLUSION It was found that job stress, positive psychological capital, and total clinical career were influencing factors in the job satisfaction of PAs. Therefore, to improve their job satisfaction, it is necessary to develop strategies to manage the job stress experienced by PAs, and to strengthen and develop positive psychological capital.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of job stress, emotional labor, and positive psychological capital on the job satisfaction of physician assistants (PAs). METHODS: The sample consisted of 166 PAs working in general hospitals in B city, Y city, and C city. Data were analyzed through the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. RESULTS: The factors of job stress (β=−.488, p<.001), positive psychological capital (β=.188, p=.004), and total clinical career (β=−.147, p=.014) had the greatest influence on the level of job satisfaction experienced by the PAs. The total explanatory power was 49.9%. CONCLUSION: It was found that job stress, positive psychological capital, and total clinical career were influencing factors in the job satisfaction of PAs. Therefore, to improve their job satisfaction, it is necessary to develop strategies to manage the job stress experienced by PAs, and to strengthen and develop positive psychological capital.
Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; Physician Assistants ; Stress, Psychological

Purpose: Despite advances in diagnostic and imaging technologies, the diagnosis of traumatic hollow viscus injury (HVI) remains a great challenge in clinical practice. This study aimed to determine the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of HVI in emergent blunt trauma patients. Methods: The study was conducted on patients with abdominal trauma who were admitted to our center, regional emergency center, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, between January 2008 and December 2018. The clinical data of patients with abdominal trauma who underwent CT and abdominal surgery within 24 hours of hospitalization were analyzed to determine the diagnostic capacity of CT. Results: In total, 156 patients were included in the study. There were 88 cases of blunt trauma. Among these patients, 27 were diagnosed with HVI using CT, and 38 patients were diagnosed with HVI in the operating room. The median injury severity score for these patients was 10.0, the revised trauma score was 7.841, and the trauma injury severity score was 0.96. The sensitivity and specificity of CT in predicting HVI in these patients were 65.8%, and 96.0%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 92.6%, and 78.7%, respectively. Conclusion In urgent situations, CT findings alone are insufficient for diagnosing HVI. Further research on the HVI diagnostic capacity of CT is required.

OBJECTIVES: We wanted to investigate the relationship between job stress and liver dysfunction in Korean male white collar workers. METHODS: A total of 700 male white collar workers who worked at one electronic institute and who participated in an annual surveillance program were recruited: 664(94.9%) workers were initially recruited and the data for 36 workers was excluded due to poor responses and a past history of liver disease. The questionnaire survey included the participants' general characteristics, the job-related factors, the health-related behaviors and job stress. Job stress was assessed using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF). We merged the job stress data with the individual liver function results by conducting annual surveillance. Multiple logistic regression analysis with adjusting it for the confounding variables, including alcohol drinking and the body mass index (BMI), was used to evaluate the relationship between job stress and liver dysfunction. RESULTS: After adjustment for the confounding variables, the proportion of liver dysfunction cases was significantly higher in the groups with a high level of job stress, as assessed by the 'job demands and total score'. After conducting a stratified analysis with considering alcohol drinking and the BMI, the prevalence odds ratio of liver dysfunction was higher in the groups with a high level of job stress, as assessed by the 'job demands and total score'. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the level of job stress (and especially that assessed by the job demands and total score) is related to liver dysfunction. Thus, further preventive efforts and studies are needed to reduce job stress and address liver dysfunction.
Alcohol Drinking ; Body Mass Index ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Electronics ; Electrons ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Diseases ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: We wanted to investigate the relationship between job stress and liver dysfunction in Korean male white collar workers. METHODS: A total of 700 male white collar workers who worked at one electronic institute and who participated in an annual surveillance program were recruited: 664(94.9%) workers were initially recruited and the data for 36 workers was excluded due to poor responses and a past history of liver disease. The questionnaire survey included the participants' general characteristics, the job-related factors, the health-related behaviors and job stress. Job stress was assessed using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF). We merged the job stress data with the individual liver function results by conducting annual surveillance. Multiple logistic regression analysis with adjusting it for the confounding variables, including alcohol drinking and the body mass index (BMI), was used to evaluate the relationship between job stress and liver dysfunction. RESULTS: After adjustment for the confounding variables, the proportion of liver dysfunction cases was significantly higher in the groups with a high level of job stress, as assessed by the 'job demands and total score'. After conducting a stratified analysis with considering alcohol drinking and the BMI, the prevalence odds ratio of liver dysfunction was higher in the groups with a high level of job stress, as assessed by the 'job demands and total score'. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the level of job stress (and especially that assessed by the job demands and total score) is related to liver dysfunction. Thus, further preventive efforts and studies are needed to reduce job stress and address liver dysfunction.
Alcohol Drinking ; Body Mass Index ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Electronics ; Electrons ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Diseases ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: To compare apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the upper abdominal organs acquired with multiple b-value combinations and to investigate usefulness of normalization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data, including 3T diffusion-weighted images, of 100 patients (56 men, 44 women; mean age, 63.9) that underwent liver magnetic resonance imaging. An ADC map was derived with the following six b-value combinations: b1 = 0, 50, 400, 800; b2 = 0, 800; b3 = 0, 50, 800; b4 = 0, 400, 800; b5 = 50, 800; and b6 = 50, 400, 800 s/mm2. ADC values of the right liver lobe, left liver lobe, spleen, pancreas, right kidney, and left kidney were measured. ADC values of the spleen were used for normalization. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), comparison of dependent ICCs, and repeated-measures analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Intraclass correlation coefficients of the original ADC revealed moderate to substantial agreement (0.5145–0.6509), while normalized ADCs revealed almost perfect agreement (0.8014–0.8569). ICC of normalized ADC for all anatomical regions revealed significantly less variability than that of the original ADC (p < 0.05). Coefficient of variance for normalized ADC was significantly lower than that for the original ADC (3.0.3.8% vs. 4.8.8.8%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Normalization of the ADC values of the upper abdominal organs using the spleen as the reference organ significantly decreased variability in ADC measurement acquired with multiple b-value combinations.
Diffusion ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; Liver ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pancreas ; Retrospective Studies ; Spleen*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcome of silicone radial head prosthesis for treatment of comminuted radial head fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven patients who had taken a radial head replacement with a silicone prosthesis from November 2001 to April 2004 were enrolled in the study. Mean age was 49.1 years old when they sustained a fracture of the radial head or neck. There were two Mason type III fractures and five Mason type IV fractures. Associtated injuries were a variant of Monteggia fracture, Essex-Lopresti injuries and a capitellum fracture. Mean follow-up was 20.3 months. The clinical outcome was analized by Mayo Elbow Performance Index. RESULTS: Overall outcome was that two cases were excellent, four cases were good and one case was fair. There were complications which included limitation of motion, radioulnar synostosis and proximal migration of radius. CONCLUSION: The silicone radial head prosthesis was found to be recommendable treatment option for patients with Mason type III and IV radial head fractures which were difficult to be reconstructed.
Elbow ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Comminuted ; Head* ; Humans ; Monteggia's Fracture ; Neck ; Prostheses and Implants* ; Radius ; Silicones* ; Synostosis

Background: Obesity in adolescence can continue up to adulthood and lead to various complications. There has been a continuous increase in the obesity incidence among adolescents, which is an emerging social issue. Studies have reported that decreased sleep duration in adolescents can have negative effects on health, leading to obesity. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and body mass index among South Korean middle and high school students aged 12–18 years. Methods: The participants of the Sixth National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted during 2013–2015 were screened. We selected 1,177 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years who were enrolled in middle and high school or on leave of absence and had available data for sleep duration and body mass index (BMI) in the survey. Analyses of variance and covariance were performed after adjusting for confounding variables, including age, gender, waist circumference, and drinking experience, that showed significant correlations in univariate logistic regression. Results: The analysis of covariance revealed that an increase in sleep duration led to a corresponding decrease in the mean BMI among all students and middle school students. Conclusion Significant negative correlations were confirmed between sleep duration and BMI in all students and middle school students.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in Korean patients who had inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in real-world clinical practice. METHODS: We included 410 patients who started SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin or dapagliflozin) as add-on therapy or switch therapy between February 2015 and June 2017. The primary efficacy endpoint was a change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline to week 12. The secondary endpoints were patients achieving HbA1c <7.0% and changes in the fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipid profiles, body weight, and blood pressure (BP). RESULTS: The mean HbA1c at baseline was 8.5% (8.6% in the add-on group and 8.4% in the switch group). At week 12, the mean adjusted HbA1c decreased by −0.68% in the overall patients (P<0.001), by −0.94% in the add-on group, and by −0.42% in the switch group. Significant reductions in FPG were also observed both in the add-on group and switch group (−30.3 and −19.8 mg/dL, respectively). Serum triglyceride (−16.5 mg/dL), body weight (−2.1 kg), systolic BP (−4.7 mm Hg), and diastolic BP (−1.3 mm Hg) were significantly improved in the overall patients. Approximately 18.3% of the patients achieved HbA1c <7.0% at week 12. A low incidence of hypoglycemia and genital tract infection was observed (6.3% and 2.2%, respectively). CONCLUSION: SGLT2 inhibitors can be a suitable option as either add-on or switch therapy for Korean patients with inadequately controlled T2DM.
Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Fasting ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Incidence ; Reproductive Tract Infections ; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 ; Triglycerides

About 90% of primary gastrointestinal lymphomas originate from the B-cell and less than 10% from the T-cell. In respect of anatomical location, the stomach is the most common site of gastrointestinal lymphomas followed by the ileum, colon, and rectum. However, esophagus and duodenal lymphomas are infrequently involved. Primary T-cell lymphoma of the duodenum is not common and peripheral T-cell lymphoma of the duodenum is very rare. In Korea, there has been no case report of peripheral T-cell lymphoma which simultaneously involved the stomach and duodenum. In this report, we present a case of primary peripheral T-cell lymphoma of the duodenum and stomach. A 63-year-old man was hospitalized complaining of weight loss of 15 kg and dyspepsia for 2 months. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed a large annular infiltrative lesion in the descending portion of the duodenum. At the posterior side of the upper body of the stomach, an ill-defined, broad, flat, and infiltrative lesion was also noted. Microscopic examination of the biopsy specimen showed that atypical bizzare lymphocytes infiltrated the mucosa of the duodenum and stomach. The lymphocyte was positive for CD3, CD5 and negative for CD20, CD23, and CD56 by immunohistochemistry. We made a diagnosis of primary peripheral T-cell lymphoma of the stomach and duodenum. We report a case of peripheral T-cell lymphoma of the stomach and duodenum with a review of the literature.
B-Lymphocytes ; Biopsy ; Colon ; Diagnosis ; Duodenum* ; Dyspepsia ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Esophagus ; Humans ; Ileum ; Immunohistochemistry ; Korea ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, T-Cell ; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral* ; Middle Aged ; Mucous Membrane ; Rectum ; Stomach* ; T-Lymphocytes ; Weight Loss