PURPOSE: To determine whether triple negative (TN) early stage breast cancers have poorer survival rates compared with other molecular types. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 2000 and July 2006, patients diagnosed with stage I, II early stage breast cancers, in whom all three markers (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor [HER]-2) were available and treated with modified radical mastectomy or breast conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Of 446 patients, 94 (21.1%) were classified as TN, 57 (12.8%) as HER-2 type, and 295 (66.1%) as luminal. TN was more frequently associated with young patients younger than 35 years old (p = 0.002), higher histologic grade (p < 0.0001), and nuclear (p < 0.0001). The median follow-up period was 78 months (range, 4 to 130 months). There were 9 local relapses (2.0%), 15 nodal (3.4%), 40 distant metastases (9.0%), and 33 deaths (7.4%) for all patients. The rates of 5-year OS, DFS, LFS, and DMFS for all patients were 95.5%, 89.9%, 95.4%, and 91.7%, respectively. There were no significant differences in OS, DFS, LFS, and DMFS between triple negative and other subtypes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: We found that patients with TN early stage breast cancers had no difference in survival rates compared with other molecular subtypes. Prospective study in homogeneous treatment group will need for a prognosis of TN early stage breast cancer.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Disease-Free Survival ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Phenobarbital ; Prognosis ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome

The diagnosis of soft tissue osteochondroma should be considered when a well-defined osseous mass is located in the soft tissues. The differential diagnosis includes myositis ossificans, tumoral calcinosis, synovial chondromatosis, and soft tissue osteosarcoma, true osteochondroma which arises from bone. One case of soft tissue osteochondroma in the knee, a lesion of uncertain pathogenesis is reported.
Calcinosis ; Chondromatosis, Synovial ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Knee ; Myositis Ossificans ; Osteochondroma* ; Osteosarcoma

BACKGROUND: In a health examination program, advice from physician for change of health-related behavior and distribution of health educational pamphlets is routine. This study was done prospectively to analyze factors such as personal general characteristics, results of health examination, health examination satisfaction that relate to change of health promotion attitudes and compliance towards overweight, smoking, heavy drinking, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension. METHODS: The subject population was 689 cases from May 1997 to June 1997 in a general hospital health examination center. After health examination, 60.2%(415 cases) showed personal satisfaction by questionnaire. Three to four months later 78.4%(540 cases) responded to the telephone survey on change of health beliefs, health-related attitudes and compliance. RESULTS: In the telephone survey, 239 cases(46.0%) comprised high compliance group that had positive attitudes toward abnormal health examination results, 145 cases(27.9%) were mid compliance group, and 135cases(26.0%) were low compliance group. In males there was higher frequency of high compliance group than females(p<0.05). According to age, the older, the higher frequencies of high compliance group(p<0.05). In educational level group, the higher the educational level, the lower the frequencies of high compliance group(p<0.01). There was no difference in frequency of each compliance group between symptom motive and non-symptom motive group with each satisfaction group(p>0.05). In positive responders to the correspond advice of physician or health educational pamphlets, the frequencies for quit smoking, reduction of drinking amount, regular exercise, Compliance with taking antihypertensives, blood sugar control, diet control for dyslipidemia, taking antihyperlipidemics were higher(p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Health examination service includirg advice of physician and education changed health belief and influenced positively to health promotion attitudes. Health examination is not only important for early detection of disease but also to promote positive change of health-related behavior. Further studies are needed to understand the changing process of management of health and disease.
Antihypertensive Agents ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Chronic Disease ; Compliance ; Diet ; Drinking ; Dyslipidemias ; Early Diagnosis ; Education ; Health Education ; Health Promotion ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypolipidemic Agents ; Male ; Overweight ; Pamphlets ; Personal Satisfaction ; Prospective Studies ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Telephone ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study investigated factors affecting the subjective experience of oral symptoms among 2,285 elementary school students in the fourth and sixth grades using the Korean survey on the Health of Youth and Children in 2010. After conducting chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests, we performed multiple logistic regression analysis to determine the factors affecting children's experience of oral symptoms. We found that the factors most frequently associated with the subjective experience of more oral symptoms were lower tooth brushing frequency, greater intake of foods that cause dental caries, higher stress levels, and lower levels of support from friends. In conclusion, determinants of children's oral health, such as children's oral health behaviors and psychological factors must be considered in a multifaceted approach to developing programs to promote oral health among children.
Adolescent ; Child ; Dental Caries ; Friends ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Oral Health ; Psychology* ; Social Determinants of Health ; Tooth

The purpose of this study was to develop a dental communication course in dental hygiene schools that included theory, practice, and skill for effective dental communication. Thirty-six senior dental hygiene students in a dental hygiene school took a dental communication course and responded to a questionnaire. The instrument used in the study was a modified form of Kim's communication skill self-assessment sheet. The self-assessment questionnaire about communication competencies was administered before and after the class, and the difference between scores at each time point was analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test. Among seven elements of dental communication competencies, the competency of “information gathering” was significantly improved (p=0.008). Students' scores on perception of the importance (p=0.019) and necessity (0.016) of a communication course significantly increased after the course. Competencies in communication are essential requirement for dental hygienists. This study showed the possibility of communication skill training. An objective evaluation tool regarding students' communication competencies should be developed. Further studies with larger samples size are needed to develop a standardized comprehensive communication course in dental hygiene schools.
Curriculum ; Dental Hygienists ; Health Communication ; Health Education ; Humans ; Learning* ; Oral Hygiene* ; Self-Assessment

This study was performed to evaluate the semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire used to obtain information about. dietary patterns of adults in a rural county, Yang-pyeung Gun. The study population was 1311 adults aged 17~85 years. And well-trained interviewers interviewed subjects in 1990, 1992, 1993. The results are as follows. 1) Nutrients intake calculated from each questionnaire showed significant difference, because the number of question was not same(fifty questions in 1990, eighty questions in 1992, 1993). 2) Estimated nutrients intake from separate food items was significantly different when food items are combined in one question. 3) The agreement of nutrients intake level except vit C were high when the subjects are cross-classified by their ranks on the nutrients intake level from items in both questionnaires and on the nutrient intake level from items in each questionnaire. 4) And analysing this study data by multiple stepwise regression, we selected twenty seven food items whic could explained over 85% of inter-individual variation of nutrients(energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, vit A, vit B1, vit B2, vit C, Ca). From above results, we suggested that it is neccessary to standardize questionnaire and perform validity studies.
Adult ; Humans ; Korea* ; Rural Population* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Microalbuminuria is a marker of generalized endothelial dysfunction resulting from arterial stiffness or insulin resistance, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is a good measure of arterial stiffness. We aimed to investigate whether elevated baPWV is independently associated with microalbuminuria. This study included 1,648 individuals aged over 40 who participated in the baseline Multi-Rural Cohort Study conducted in Korean rural communities between 2005 and 2006. Participants were classified into less than 30 mg/g as normoalbuminuria or 30-300 mg/g as microalbuminuriausing urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR). The median and Q1-Q3 baPWV values were significantly higher in the microalbuminuric group both in men (1,538, 1,370-1,777 cm/s vs. 1,776, 1,552-2,027 cm/s, P < 0.001) and women (1,461, 1,271-1,687 cm/s vs. 1,645, 1,473-1,915 cm/s, P < 0.001). BaPWV was independently associated with microalbuminuria in both genders after adjusting for pulse rate; fasting blood glucose; triglyceride; homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA(IR)) and, history of hypertension and diabetes. Fasting blood sugar and HOMA(IR) were judged as having nothing to do with multicolinearity (r = 0.532, P < 0.001). Elevated baPWV was independently associated with microalbuminuria regardless of insulin resistance among rural subjects over 40 yr.
Adult ; Aged ; Albuminuria/*diagnosis/etiology/metabolism ; Ankle Brachial Index ; Ankle Joint/*physiopathology ; Blood Chemical Analysis ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Brachial Artery/*physiopathology ; Cohort Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension/complications/diagnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Pulse Wave Analysis ; Risk Factors ; *Rural Population ; Serum Albumin/analysis ; Triglycerides/blood ; Vascular Stiffness

BACKGROUND: Both left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and microalbuminuria (MA) are well described markers or surrogate for cardiovascular outcome. Many factors are known to be related to the two markers which are encountered together in some patients. But the epidemiological backgrounds for the two markers are not clearly demonstrated so far. METHODS: Measurements of echocardiographic left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and MA were introduced to the population survey in Yangpyeong County, Korea in 2005 and 2006 for 1,767 among 2,028 subjects. The criteria for MA were 17-250 mg/g of albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) in male and 25-355 mg/g in female. 1,636 data were analyzed. RESULTS: Age was 60.9 +/- 10.4 years and the proportion of female was 59.4% (972). Body mass index (BMI) was 24.7 +/- 3.21 kg/m2 and blood pressure were 124.1 +/- 17.3 mm Hg/80.0 +/- 10.5 mm Hg. LVMI was 45.3 +/- 11.6 g/m2.7 and ACR was 23.9 +/- 150.9 mg/g. Prevalence of LVH and MA were 23.5% and 12.2%, respectively. In male/female, odds ratios for MA were 1.035 (range, 1.010-1.061)/1.01 (range, 0.988-1.032) for age, 0.962 (range, 0.882-1.049)/0.941 (range, 0.881-1.006) for BMI, 1.754 (range, 1.097-2.804)/2.158 (range, 1.413-3.298) for hypertension (HTN), 4.87 (range, 2.883-8.226)/2.154 (range, 1.311-3.539) for diabetes, 1.005 (range, 0.999-1.012)/1.007 (range, 1.002-1.012) for cholesterol, and 1.011 (range, 0.987-1.035)/1.011 (range, 0.994-1.029) for LVH. CONCLUSIONS: In a population level, even if diabetes was strongest factor for MA, HTN is also independent factor for MA in both genders.
Albuminuria ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol ; Creatinine ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertrophy ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; Korea ; Male ; Obesity ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea

OBJECTIVES: The study assessed the status of Child-Oral Impact on Daily Performances (C-OIDP) and association between socio-economic status (SES) and C-OIDP in Korean children. METHODS: The study population was the citizens of Gangneung, aged 4-10 year-old, who were registered at a preschool and primary school. Finally, 1,943 among 2,489 finished the question and response (response rate 74.3%). The children completed the C-OIDP by a face-to-face interview or self-response questions evaluation. The ethic approval of the study protocol was approved form GWNUDH-IRB. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of the participants answered that they had difficulties on their daily performances from oral health. Problem with cleaning of the mouth was the most frequent performance to be reported and the percentage of the children who had this experience was 20.7%. Fifteen percent of the participants answered that they had difficulties on their daily performances from oral health on a daily basis. Among the children who experienced difficulties on daily performances from oral health on a daily basis, 59.3% of the difficulties on daily performances were moderate or severe effect. Lower SES was significantly associated with the rate of their daily performances from oral health. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the status of C-OIDP in Korean children. It is suggested to establish the oral health strategy to school-based oral health promotion program. Future longitudinal research is required to determine the specific role to the relation between SES and OHRQoL for children.
Aged ; Child ; Humans ; Mouth ; Oral Health ; Parents

We attempted to develop a problem-based learning (PBL) module for integrated education in dental hygiene with the aim of helping students gain clinical competencies necessary for dental hygienist work. To develop the PBL Module for Clinical Dentistry in Dental Hygiene course, the researchers identified literature related to not only educational technology, but also medical science, nursing, dentistry, and dental hygiene. During the design phase of the PBL module, problem scenarios and a plan for the teaching and learning process were developed. Developing problem scenarios involved describing a problematic situation and three questions related with that situation. To cultivate competencies required in dental clinics, each question was related to the diagnosis of a dental disease, dental treatment, and dental hygiene procedures for care. Teaching-learning process plan included the designs of operating environment, operational strategies, learning resources, facilitation of problem-solving process, and evaluation. It is necessary to evaluate the PBL module for integrated education in dental hygiene to confirm its effectiveness.
Clinical Competence ; Dental Clinics ; Dental Hygienists ; Dentistry* ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Educational Technology ; Humans ; Learning ; Nursing ; Oral Hygiene* ; Problem-Based Learning* ; Stomatognathic Diseases