The purpose of this study is to analyze the contents of the questionnaires used in dietary surveys and to evaluate each item in relation to the item construction strategy. Articles of which the contents were related to food, nutrition, diet, dietary behavior, and related areas. Published from 1997 to 1999 were searched fir and a total of 121 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The questions in the questionnaires were classified into related areas and sub-areas. Among the keywords in the title of the articles, the term 'nutritional status'(or 'dietary intake status') was most frequently used. The terms such as dietary status, obesity, health, food habit, and dietary behavior were also frequency used. Major topics of the items in the questionnaires varied according to the life cycle of the subjects of the study. The topics most frequently asked in each lift cycle were as follows : overeating, snack, and food preference for preschool- and school-aged children ; anthropometry, weight control, and snack for middle and highschool students : meal skipping, smoking, and drinking for college students : disease, smoking, drinking, and exercise for adults : and smoking, drinking, disease and perceived health for the elderly. Inappropriate questions with complicated language, typographic and grammatic errors, unnecessary words, and negative questions were found. Therefore, care should be taken to construct each question so as to avoid possible misinterpretation. Also, a standardized questionnaire be developed for survey researchers.
Adult ; Aged ; Anthropometry ; Child ; Diet ; Drinking ; Food Habits ; Food Preferences ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Life Cycle Stages ; Meals ; Obesity ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Snacks ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The genetic status of cagA, vacA subtype, iceA1, and babA, and the relationship to gastroduodenal diseases were assessed in Helicobacter pylori isolates in Korea. Seventy-six strains of H. pylori were isolated from the antrum and the corpus of 41 adult patients (22 with peptic ulcer and 19 with gastritis). The cagA, iceA1, and babA genes were assessed by polymerase chain reaction and the vacA subtypes were determined by reverse hybridization-line probe assay. The positive rates of 349-bp cagA, 208-bp cagA, iceA1, and babA genes were 97.4%, 96.1%, 84.2%, and 36.1%, respectively. The vacA s1a, s1b, s1c, and s2 variants were detected in 11.8%, 3.9%, 80.4%, and 1.3%, respectively. m1 (78.9%) is more prevalent than m2 (5.3%). The most common vacA genotype was s1c/m1 (61.9%), and 14 isolates (18.4%) contained mixed vacA genotypes from a single biopsy specimen. Twenty-one (60%) of 35 patients were infected with more than two strains of different cagA, iceA1, babA, and vacA genotypes. None of cagA, iceA1, babA, and vacA s1/m1 were associated with peptic ulcer. In conclusion, most H. pylori isolates in Korea carry cagA, iceA1, and vacA s1c/m1 genes, and reside with multiple strains. These genes do not correlate with the peptic ulcer in the Korean patients.
Adult ; Aged ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Helicobacter pylori/*classification/genetics/pathogenicity ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Peptic Ulcer/*etiology/microbiology

No abstract available.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bacteremia/complications/*diagnosis/microbiology ; Base Sequence ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*complications ; Diabetic Foot/microbiology ; Gram-Positive Cocci/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/genetics ; Republic of Korea

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) generally involves a single semicircular canal (single canal BPPV) but it has been reported that more than one semicircular canal on either the same or the opposite side can be involved in 6.8-20% of the cases (multiple canal BPPV). In this study, the clinical characteristics of multiple canal BPPV were analyzed and compared to those of single canal BPPV. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed on 1054 consecutive patients diagnosed with BPPV. Multiple canal BPPV was diagnosed when the combination of typical nystagmus was provoked by the Dix-Hallpike and supine head roll tests. Canalith repositioning maneuver was performed sequentially starting with the semicircular canal causing more severe nystagmus or symptoms. Clinical characteristics and the treatment course were statistically compared between single canal BPPV and multiple canal BPPV. RESULTS: Among the 1054 patients, single canal BPPV was diagnosed in 1005 patients (95.4%) while multiple canal BPPV was diagnosed in 49 patients (4.6%). BPPV involving semicircular canals on the same side was more common (79.6%) than BPPV with bilateral involvement. The most common combination of the involved canals was ipsilateral posterior and horizontal semicircular canals (63.3%). Multiple canal BPPV was significantly more associated with underlying otologic diseases, especially labyrinthitis. Multiple canal BPPV required more treatment sessions and longer duration of treatment to achieve resolution of nystagmus and symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: As all cases of multiple canal BPPV were treated successfully although a longer duration of treatment and more treatment sessions were required compared to single canal BPPV, the results of our study could aid in making an accurate diagnosis and providing appropriate treatment of multiple canal BPPV.
Diagnosis ; Ear Diseases ; Ear, Inner ; Head ; Humans ; Labyrinthitis ; Retrospective Studies ; Semicircular Canals* ; Vertigo*

Although ventricular pacing alone initially had deemed adequate for most clinical situations, some patients did not do well after ventricular pacing was initiated, and developed various symptoms attributed to this mode of pacing. The pacemaker syndrome is complex of clinical signs and symptoms related to the adverse hemodynamic and electrophysiologic consequences of ventricular pacing in the absence of other causes. Neurologic symptoms or those congestive heart failure predominated. We recently experienced a case of pacemaker syndrome in a 44-year-old female who had suffered sick sinus syndrome and was implanted with dual chamber pacing system being programmed to VVI pacing. She complained of chest discomfort, dyspnea, and near-fainting in a day after being programmed to VVI. Blood pressure was decreased to 9/60mmHg. Electrocardiography showed toPwave onT wave, representing retrograde ventriculoatrial conduction. The symptoms and signs were disappeared immediately after the pacing system was programmed to DDD pacing.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane ; Dyspnea ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Heart Failure ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Sick Sinus Syndrome ; Thorax

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) in patients with acute vestibular neuritis (AVN) by identifying the recovery period of Sensory Organization Test (SOT) and comparing the result of SOT with those of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) tests and subjective symptoms. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A prospective study was conducted on 41 patients who were diagnosed with AVN. The SOT was measured daily until the equilibrium composite score recovered the normal value. A survey, composing of questionnaires on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), motion sensitive quotient (MSQ) and Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC), was conducted on the patient's initial visit and on the day the normal value of SOT was recovered. Videonystagmography and the caloric test were also performed, and the results were compared with those of the SOT. RESULTS: The mean duration from the onset of vertigo to the recovery of SOT scores was 3.7±2.9 days (median 3.0 days) and that from the onset of vertigo to the disappearance of spontaneous nystagmus was 17.1±27.2 days (median 6.0 days). The scores of 4 questionnaires (VAS, DHI, MSQ, and ABC) were significantly different between the initial day and the day of recovery to the normal value of SOT (p<0.001). However, the velocity of spontaneous nystagmus on the initial visit and the degree of canal paresis from the caloric test showed no significant correlations to recovery duration from the onset of vertigo to the normalization of SOT score. CONCLUSION: The recovery duration of vestibulospinal reflex (VSR) is much shorter than that of VOR in patients with AVN. The recovery of subjective symptoms showed close correlation with the recovery of VSR, but the results of VSR was not correlated with that of VOR. Therefore, CDP could be a very useful test for monitoring the resolution of subjective symptoms in patients with AVN.
Caloric Tests ; Compensation and Redress* ; Cytidine Diphosphate ; Dizziness ; Humans ; Methods ; Paresis ; Prospective Studies ; Reference Values ; Reflex ; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular ; Vertigo ; Vestibular Neuronitis*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical characteristics of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) occurring after head trauma by comparing them to those of idiopathic BPPV (i-BPPV). SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We analyzed retrospectively 820 patients diagnosed with BPPV. Patients were classified into two groups: post-traumatic BPPV (t-BPPV) group and i-BPPV group. We compared the clinical characteristics (age, sex, affected side, duration of vertigo, types of BPPV) and treatment outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS: The study included 497 patients with i-BPPV and 56 patients with t-BPPV. There were no differences in age distribution and the affected side. The t-BPPV group had greater male preponderance (48%) than the i-BPPV group (24%) did and longer duration of vertigo compared to i-BPPV group (p=0.028). In addition, the t-BPPV group demonstrated higher horizontal canal BPPV/posterior canal BPPV ratio (t-BPPV vs. i-BPPV=0.54 vs. 0.20, p=0.008). Although the results of a single treatment outcome did not differ between the two groups (p=0.127), there was a greater tendency for the t-BPPV group to receive a higher number of therapeutic maneuvers until resolution than for the i-BPPV group (p=0.056). Recurrence rate also did not differ between the two groups (p=0.125). CONCLUSION: The clinical features did not differ significantly between the two groups, although t-BPPV demonstrated a tendency of low therapeutic efficacy and high recurrence rates compared to i-BPPV. This information may be helpful for clinicians in counseling and managing patients with t-BPPV.
Age Distribution ; Counseling ; Craniocerebral Trauma* ; Head* ; Humans ; Male ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Vertigo*

Periodic alternating nystagmus (PAN) is a spontaneous horizontal jerky nystagmus that reverses its direction periodically with a quiescent interval. PAN has been reported in acquired and congenital forms. The main lesion site of the acquired form of PAN has been attributed to the caudal brainstem or cerebellum. Herein we report a 63-year-old male patient with Meniere's disease, who presented PAN during a vertigo attack. The patient demonstrated no abnormality on neurologic evaluation and brain imaging, which is different feature compared to the central or congenital form of PAN. It should be kept in mind that peripheral vestibular disorders such as Meniere's disease can produce PAN.
Brain Stem ; Cerebellum ; Humans ; Male ; Meniere Disease ; Middle Aged ; Neuroimaging ; Nystagmus, Pathologic ; Vertigo

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify the diverse patterns of nystagmus and analyze their clinical significance in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) of the anterior semicircular canal. METHODS: Fifty-three patients diagnosed with anterior canal BPPV (AC-BPPV) were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were classified according to the presence or absence of the torsional component of the nystagmus and the direction of Dix-Hallpike test which induced the nystagmus. We compared the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes among the different patient groups. RESULTS: There were 11 patients with unilateral down beat (DB) nystagmus, 11 patients with bilateral DB nystagmus, 14 patients with ipsilateral torsional down beat (TDB) nystagmus, 7 patients with contralateral TDB nystagmus, and 7 patients with bilateral TDB nystagmus. There were no differences between the unilateral and the bilateral DB groups in terms of the duration of nystagmus or vertigo and the number of treatment sessions. In addition, the ipsilateral TDB group showed no significant clinical difference compared to the contralateral or bilateral TDB group. CONCLUSION: Various nystagmus patterns can be seen in AC-BPPV. There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical characteristics according to the different nystagmus patterns. This information may be helpful for clinicians in counseling and managing the patients with AC-BPPV.
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo ; Counseling ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Semicircular Canals ; Vertigo

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of sleep position on benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). METHODS: Four hundred sixty patients diagnosed as posterior or horizontal canal BPPV were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were asked about their preferred sleep positions among the following four choices: supine, right or left lateral, or no predominant side via questionnaire at initial visit and after 1month. Patients were classified into two groups: affected side group meaning that the patient preferred to sleep ipsilateral to the affected ear and other position group including all positions other than lying lateral to the affected side after treatment. We analyzed the change in the sleep pattern after treatment and compared the recurrence rate between the two groups. RESULTS: Our study included 244 patients with posterior canal BPPV (PC-BPPV) and 216 patients with horizontal canal BPPV (HC-BPPV). Statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between sleep position side and the affected side by BPPV. The number of patients who slept on the affected side by BPPV decreased, while the number of patients who slept on the healthy side increased significantly after treatment. There was no statistically significant difference in the recurrence rate between the two groups. CONCLUSION: There was significant correlation between the sleep position side and the affected side in PC-BPPV and HC-BPPV. The patient had a tendency to avoid lying lateral to the affected side by BPPV during sleep after treatment, however the change in sleep position did not influence the recurrence rate of BPPV.
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo ; Deception ; Ear ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies