PURPOSE: To determine whether triple negative (TN) early stage breast cancers have poorer survival rates compared with other molecular types. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 2000 and July 2006, patients diagnosed with stage I, II early stage breast cancers, in whom all three markers (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor [HER]-2) were available and treated with modified radical mastectomy or breast conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Of 446 patients, 94 (21.1%) were classified as TN, 57 (12.8%) as HER-2 type, and 295 (66.1%) as luminal. TN was more frequently associated with young patients younger than 35 years old (p = 0.002), higher histologic grade (p < 0.0001), and nuclear (p < 0.0001). The median follow-up period was 78 months (range, 4 to 130 months). There were 9 local relapses (2.0%), 15 nodal (3.4%), 40 distant metastases (9.0%), and 33 deaths (7.4%) for all patients. The rates of 5-year OS, DFS, LFS, and DMFS for all patients were 95.5%, 89.9%, 95.4%, and 91.7%, respectively. There were no significant differences in OS, DFS, LFS, and DMFS between triple negative and other subtypes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: We found that patients with TN early stage breast cancers had no difference in survival rates compared with other molecular subtypes. Prospective study in homogeneous treatment group will need for a prognosis of TN early stage breast cancer.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Disease-Free Survival ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Phenobarbital ; Prognosis ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome

No abstract available.
Placenta* ; Trophoblasts*

There are various reports referring to the clinical siignificances and removal of postgastrectomy bezoar. In this case, suture thread were thought to he the important factor of the bezoar formation, This bezoar was removed intaetly uaing fiber-optic endoscope in patinet who had postgastrectomy bezoar, by cutting the thread by biopsy forceps.
Bezoars* ; Biopsy ; Endoscopes ; Surgical Instruments ; Sutures*

Transient global amnesia(TGA) is not a rare event in the elderly, which is characterized by transient inability to form the new memory traces plus retrograde amnesia with benign prognosis. The etiology is unknown, but suggested causes have included transient ischemic attack, migraine, epilepsy, brain tumor, drug intoxication, other toxic/metabolic disturbances, or hysteria. Especially, TGA associated with ischemic stroke is important on the elderly patients and necessary to be differentiated with other causes, for stroke prevention. As far as we know, the case of TGA due to cerebral infarction confirmed by brain imaging study is extremely rare in the literature. We report the case of 67 year-old female patient with typical TGA showing ischemic lesion on the right temporal area on MRI and discussed its significance as one of the cause of TGA.
Aged ; Amnesia, Retrograde ; Amnesia, Transient Global* ; Brain Neoplasms ; Cerebral Infarction ; Epilepsy ; Female ; Humans ; Hysteria ; Infarction* ; Ischemic Attack, Transient ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Memory ; Migraine Disorders ; Neuroimaging ; Prognosis ; Stroke

The diagnosis of soft tissue osteochondroma should be considered when a well-defined osseous mass is located in the soft tissues. The differential diagnosis includes myositis ossificans, tumoral calcinosis, synovial chondromatosis, and soft tissue osteosarcoma, true osteochondroma which arises from bone. One case of soft tissue osteochondroma in the knee, a lesion of uncertain pathogenesis is reported.
Calcinosis ; Chondromatosis, Synovial ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Knee ; Myositis Ossificans ; Osteochondroma* ; Osteosarcoma

No abstract available.
Dandy-Walker Syndrome*

BACKGROUND: Clonorchiasis is a trematodiasis caused by chronic infestation of liver flukes, Clonorchis sinensis(CS). We usually diagnosed clonorchiasis with stool examination. Intradermal(ID) test and radiologic findings have been also used for diagnosis. However, studies associated with ID test were very rare. So, we evaluated the stool examination and ID tests for CS detection associated with radiologic findings. METHODS: We analyzed 69 cases of patients requested stool parasite examination and ID test concurrently. For stool parasite examination, formalin ether precipitation method was used. Abdominal US and/or CT were also reviewed. Eosinophil counts and liver function test(LFT) were evaluated. Clinical diagnosis were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of ID CS test were 63% and 71.4% respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 58.6% and 75.0% respectively. US/CT findings showed 10% sensitivity and 52.9% specificity. Positive and negative predictive values of US/CT were 11.1% and 50% respectively. Paragonimiasis westermani ID test showed 17.2% positivity in CS ID test positive cases. No statistical differences were observed among groups in eosinophil and LFT results. Hepatobiliary diseases were the main clinical impression in CS ID test positive groups. CONCLUSION: For the diagnosis of clonorchiasis, stool examination was the most effective method. ID test and radiologic examination still have some limitations in diagnosis because of cured past infestation, small number of parasitic infestation or irreversible anatomical changes etc. However, ID test could have a better supplementary role for diagnosis of clonorchiasis rather than US/CT.
Clonorchiasis* ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Diagnosis ; Eosinophils ; Ether ; Fasciola hepatica ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Intradermal Tests* ; Liver ; Liver Function Tests ; Paragonimiasis ; Parasites ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: There have been many reports on the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) but, the precise mechanism has not been elucidated. This study examined the protective effect of an inhibition of platelet activating factor(PAF) remodeling and the adhesion molecule on the oxidative stress of the lungs in rats with an endotoxin induced acute lung injury(ALI). METHODS: ALI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by instilling an E-coli endotoxin into the trachea. Ketotifen and fucoidan were used respectively to inhibit PAF remodeling and adhesion molecule. The lung leak index, lung myeloperoxidase(MPO) activity, bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) fluid neutrophil count and lyso PAF acetyltransferase activity(AT), were measured and an ultrastructural study and cytochemical electron microscopy were performed. RESULTS: The lung leak index, lung MPO activity, BAL fluid neutrophil count and lyso PAF AT activity was higher in the endotoxin-treated rats. In addition, severe destruction of the pulmonary architecture and increased hydrogen peroxide production were identified. These changes were reversed by ketotifen. However, fucoidan did not appear to have any protective effects. CONCLUSION: The inhibition of PAF remodeling appeared to be effective in decreasing the endotoxin-induced ALI. In addition, this effect might be derived from the inhibition of neutrophilic oxidative stress. However, the inhibition of the adhesion molecules by fucoidan appeared to be ineffective in decreasing the endotoxin-induced ALI.
Animals ; Blood Platelets ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Ketotifen ; Lung* ; Microscopy, Electron ; Neutrophils ; Oxidative Stress* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Trachea

Body surface potential map, an electric potential distribution on the body torso surface, enables us to infer the electrical activities of the heart. Therefore, observing electric potential projected to the torso surface can be highly useful for diagnosing heart diseases such as coronary occlusion. The BSPM for the heart of a patient show a higher level of sensitivity than 12-lead ECG. Relevant research has been mostly based on clinical statistics obtained from patients, and, therefore, a simulation for a variety of pathological phenomena of the heart is required. In this study, by using computer simulation, a body surface potential map was implemented according to various occlusion locations (distal, mid, proximal occlusion) in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Electrophysiological characteristics of the body surface during the ST segment period were observed and analyzed based on an ST isointegral map. We developed an integrated system that takes into account the cellular to organ levels, and performed simulation regarding the electrophysiological phenomena of the heart that occur during the first 5 minutes (stage 1) and 10 minutes (stage 2) after commencement of coronary occlusion. Subsequently, we calculated the bipolar angle and amplitude of the ST isointegral map, and observed the correlation between the relevant characteristics and the location of coronary occlusion. In the result, in the ventricle model during the stage 1, a wider area of ischemia led to counterclockwise rotation of the bipolar angle; and, during the stage 2, the amplitude increased when the ischemia area exceeded a certain size.
Cardiac Electrophysiology* ; Computer Simulation* ; Coronary Occlusion ; Coronary Vessels* ; Electrocardiography ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; Electrophysiology ; Heart ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Torso

This study was performed to evaluate the semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire used to obtain information about. dietary patterns of adults in a rural county, Yang-pyeung Gun. The study population was 1311 adults aged 17~85 years. And well-trained interviewers interviewed subjects in 1990, 1992, 1993. The results are as follows. 1) Nutrients intake calculated from each questionnaire showed significant difference, because the number of question was not same(fifty questions in 1990, eighty questions in 1992, 1993). 2) Estimated nutrients intake from separate food items was significantly different when food items are combined in one question. 3) The agreement of nutrients intake level except vit C were high when the subjects are cross-classified by their ranks on the nutrients intake level from items in both questionnaires and on the nutrient intake level from items in each questionnaire. 4) And analysing this study data by multiple stepwise regression, we selected twenty seven food items whic could explained over 85% of inter-individual variation of nutrients(energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, vit A, vit B1, vit B2, vit C, Ca). From above results, we suggested that it is neccessary to standardize questionnaire and perform validity studies.
Adult ; Humans ; Korea* ; Rural Population* ; Surveys and Questionnaires