PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify predictors of the stage of change for smoking cessation of male university students on the basis of the Transtheoretical model (TTM). METHODS: The 388 current smokers or exsmokers who agreed to participate were recruited from three areas in Korea from August 2 to September 5, 2006. Data was analyzed using a SPSS program for descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Most subjects (76.8%) were current smokers. According to stages of change, there were statistically significant differences in self efficacy, smoking temptation, decisional balance (cons, pros), and processes of change. The predictors of transition from contemplation to preparation were behavioral and experiential processes. The predictors of transition from preparation to action were pros of smoking and experiential process. The predictors of transition from action to maintenance were cons of smoking and behavioral process. CONCLUSION: Specific nursing interventions based on stages of change need to be developed for smoking cessation of male university students.
Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Self Efficacy ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare perception of patient safety culture and safety care activities between university hospital nurses (group A) and small hospital nurses (group B). METHODS: Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 246 university hospital nurses and 223 small hospital nurses working in Seoul or Gyeonggi Province. Descriptive statistics, x 2-test, ANCOVA, t-test, ANOVA with the SPSS package were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Total score for perception of patient safety culture and 3 subcategories of perception of patient safety culture were statistically significantly higher for group B compared to group A. Operation room nursing, falls, and bed sore scores in patient safety care activities were statistically significantly higher for group A than for group B. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest that the specific characteristics by size should be considered when developing effective patient safety culture in hospitals.
Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Nursing ; Patient Safety* ; Pressure Ulcer ; Safety Management ; Seoul ; Statistics as Topic

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to define factors influencing health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in women undergraduates. Independent variables of physical activity, attitude to eating, satisfaction with body shape, stress and self-esteem were used to predict HRQOL. METHOD: Data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. Participants were 245 women undergraduates who were recruited from July to September 2012. RESULT: The mean for the physical component summary (PCS) of HRQOL was 73.89, and for the mental component summary (MCS) was 68.45. There were significant correlations between attitude to eating, satisfaction with body shape, stress, self-esteem and the two components of HRQOL. The groups with minimal or health enhancing activity were significantly higher in PCS and MCS than the inactivity group. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that 35% of the variance in PCS was significantly accounted for by self-esteem, perceived stress, attitude to eating, and physical activity, and 45% of the variance in MCS was significantly accounted for by perceived stress, self-esteem, attitude to eating, and satisfaction with body shape. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that these factors influencing HRQOL should be considered when developing programs to improve HRQOL for women undergraduates.
Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Motor Activity ; Quality of Life*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the relationship between climacteric symptoms and sexual satisfaction in middle-aged women. METHOD: Self-selection was used to recruit, for the study, 272 middle-aged women between 40 and 59 years of age from 2 metropolitan areas and 2 provinces in Korea. The questionnaire included information on demographic characteristics, climacteric symptoms and sexual satisfaction. RESULT: The results are as follows: 1. The mean/item climacteric symptom score was 1.91 and the mean sexual satisfaction score was 38.19.2. Climacteric symptoms were significantly influenced by age, education, economic status, frequency of abortions and menopausal status. Sexual satisfaction was influenced significantly by age, education, economic status and menopausal status. 3. There was a significant negative correlation between climacteric symptoms and sexual satisfaction (r=-.24, p =.0002). CONCLUSION: Sexuality should be considered when developing nursing strategies for middle-aged women, especially when dealing with climacteric symptoms.
Climacteric* ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Nursing ; Questionnaires ; Sexuality

Purpose: This study investigated the association between the low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratio and the incidence of diabetes in a Korean community-based cohort. Methods: The participants were 7,653 adults aged 40-69 years without diabetes at baseline from Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study who were followed up for 16 years biennially. These participants were categorized into four groups (Q1-Q4) according to quartiles of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio at baseline. Significant differences in the probability of diabetes-free survival curve were identified using the log-rank test in Kaplan-Meier analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: In total, 1,833 (24.0%) participants newly developed diabetes. The overall incidence of diabetes was 20.37 per 1,000 person-years (14.94, 17.12, 22.0, and 22.08 per 1,000 person-years for Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively). The probability of diabetes-free survival was significantly different among the four groups (log-rank, x2=117.88, p<.001). Covariates included age, sex, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance index, hypertension, body mass index, family history of diabetes mellitus, smoking status, and alcohol use. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression showed that people with the highest quartile of the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio had a 1.17 times higher (HR=1.17, 95% CI: 1.01~1.35, p=.038) risk of diabetes development than those in the lowest quartile after adjusting for covariates. Conclusion The LDL-C/HDL-C ratio is an independent risk factor for diabetes development. Measuring and managing the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio is necessary for detecting individuals at high risk for developing diabetes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors affecting dyslipidemia in women according to age group. Methods: This secondary analysis study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES), 2014~2017. The participants were 10,573 women aged 30 years and older. Data were analysed using descriptive data, x2 statistic, and complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Prevalence of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia was estimated at 10.8% (30~49 years old), 42.3% (50~64 years old) and 62.0% (over 65 years old). Prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was estimated at 6.8% (30~49 years old), 13.1% (50~64 years old) and 14.7% (over 65 years old). Risk factors of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia were hypertension, menopause, body mass index, smoking, drinking status in women aged 30~49 years old. Risk factors of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia were hypertension, menopause, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, drinking status in women aged 50~64 years old, and hypertension in women over 65 years old. Risk factors of hypertriglyceridemia were hypertension, menopause, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking in women aged 30~49 years old. Risk factors of hypertriglyceridemia were hypertension, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, energy percent from fat in women aged 50~64 years old, and smoking in women over 65 years old. Conclusion The results of this study revealed the important role of hypertension, menopause, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, drinking status and energy percent from fat on dyslipidemia according to age group in women. Based on these results, different approaches considering women's age group should be prepared in order to prevent and manage dyslipidemia.

Microvascular ultrasound (US) techniques are advanced Doppler techniques that provide high sensitivity and spatial resolution for detailed visualization of low-flow vessels. Microvascular US imaging can be applied to breast lesion evaluation with or without US contrast agents. Microvascular US imaging without a contrast agent uses a sophisticated wall filtering system to selectively obtain low-flow Doppler signals from overlapped artifacts. Microvascular US imaging with secondgeneration contrast agents amplifies flow signals and makes them last longer, which facilitates hemodynamic evaluation of breast lesions. In this review article, we will introduce various microvascular US techniques, explain their clinical applications in breast cancer diagnosis and radiologic-histopathologic correlation, and provide a summary of a recent radiogenomic study using microvascular US.

Microvascular ultrasound (US) techniques are advanced Doppler techniques that provide high sensitivity and spatial resolution for detailed visualization of low-flow vessels. Microvascular US imaging can be applied to breast lesion evaluation with or without US contrast agents. Microvascular US imaging without a contrast agent uses a sophisticated wall filtering system to selectively obtain low-flow Doppler signals from overlapped artifacts. Microvascular US imaging with secondgeneration contrast agents amplifies flow signals and makes them last longer, which facilitates hemodynamic evaluation of breast lesions. In this review article, we will introduce various microvascular US techniques, explain their clinical applications in breast cancer diagnosis and radiologic-histopathologic correlation, and provide a summary of a recent radiogenomic study using microvascular US.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze factors influencing eating problems among young female adults. METHODS: Participants were 193 young female adults aged 19 ~ 29 years who were recruited in August 2017. Four variables related to eating problems in young female adults, including body image dissatisfaction, self-esteem, trait anger, and depression, were measured using reliable instruments. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program and Amos 24.0 for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and path analysis. RESULTS: The mean for eating problems in young female adults was 8.99, and 9.8% of subjects were classified as high risk with eating problems. Modified model demonstrated good model fit (χ²/df 0.47, GFI 0.99, AGFI 0.99, NFI 0.99, SRMR 0.022, RMSEA 0.001). Path analysis showed that body image dissatisfaction had the greatest direct effect on eating problems. Depression did not have a direct effect on eating problems, whereas it had indirect effects on eating problems through body image dissatisfaction as the mediating factor. Self-esteem had direct effects on depression and indirect effects on eating problems through depression and body image dissatisfaction as mediating factors. Trait anger had direct effects on depression and body image dissatisfaction and indirect effects on eating problems through depression and body image dissatisfaction as mediating factors. These factors accounted for 46% of the total variance, and the fit indices of the model satisfied the criteria of fitness. CONCLUSION: The results of this study reveal the important role of body dissatisfaction and psychological factors such as self-esteem, trait anger, and depression on eating problems. These factors influencing eating problems should be considered when developing programs to improve eating problems in young female adults.
Adult* ; Anger ; Body Image ; Depression ; Eating* ; Female* ; Humans ; Negotiating ; Psychology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine predictors of anxiety and PTSD in battered women. METHOD: The data were collected from 555 women who were stratified samples according to 15,000:1 from a target population in Korea from November 18, 2004 to February 18, 2005. The data was analysed using the SPSS program. RESULTS: Predictors of anxiety were self esteem, stress, state anger, social support, trait anger, negotiation, and psychological violence. These variables explained 55.8% of anxiety. Predictors of PTSD were self esteem, state anger, trait anger, psychological violence, stress, and anger-in. These variables explained 43.2% of PTSD. CONCLUSION: It is considered that the importance of separating the effects of the different types of violence when taking into account its effects on women's mental health. To promote women's mental health, it is needed to develop self esteem improvement programs, and anger and stress management programs.
Anger ; Anxiety* ; Battered Women* ; Female ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Korea ; Mental Health ; Negotiating ; Self Concept ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic* ; Violence