Objective To study the characteristics of inhibition on hemozoin formation by chloroquine under in vitro condition.Methods Under different concentrations(0.5-2 mol/L) of sodium acetate(NaAc) and at the pH range of 4.0-5.0, chloroquine was tested for inhibition of ?-hematin(hemozion) formation by using the HPIA(heme polymerization inhibitory activity) assay.The morphology of ?-hematin crystals was determined by light microscopy.Ultraviolet spectrophotometry was employed to measure ?-hematin content, and the size of ?-hematin crystal was analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD) .Results Chloroquine exhibited varied effect on ?-hematin formation, depending on pH value and Na+ concentration.When the NaAc concentration increased from 0.5 mol/L(pH 4.2) to 2 mol/L(pH 4.8), the chloroquine inhibitory effect also increased.Results suggested that there exists a threshold pH, below which the ?-hematin formation escalates and chloroquine inhibition declines, and at or above which chloroquine exerts a stronger inhibitory effect on ?-hematin formation.With the increase of pH from 4.4 to 4.8, the crystallinity and the size of crystal changed from 6.93% and 357  to 6.32% and 264 , respectively.When pH reached to 5, no more ?-hematin formed.Chloroquine could reduce the crystallinity and crystal size of ?-hematin at same pH value.Morphology analysis on the samples was consistent with the above results.Conclusion Chloroquine inhibits hemozoin formation only when the pH value is at or above threshold pH.

Objective To investigate the relationship between aggrecan and YKL-40 in knee articular cartilage of Sprague-Daw-lay(SD) rats with osteoarthritis (OA) .Methods Fifty-six healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 7 groups ,8 cases per group . The one side of knee joint was randomly selected for performing the anterior cruciate ligment transection (ACLT) and establishing the OA model .The rats in one group were randomly killed on the day of operation and at postoperative 0 ,2 ,4 ,8 ,12 ,16 ,20 weeks . The femoral condyle cartilage samples at different time periods in the operated side were collected for conducting safranin O /fast green staining and HE staining .Meanwhile ,the OA pathological grade was made out according to the modified Mankin scale .The expression of aggrecan and YKL-40 in the cartilage with different stages of OA were analyzed by the immunohistochemistry meth-od ,and the status of expression were measured by average optical density (AOD) .The correlation between aggrecan and YKL-40 was analyzed .Results With the aggravation of OA ,the expression of aggrecan was gradually reduced and the expression of YKL-40 was gradually increased .The differences during the early ,middle and late phases of OA had statistical significance (P<0 .05) . The expression of aggrecan was negatively correlated with the expression of YKL-40(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The level of aggrecan is gradually reduced with the aggravation of OA .Aggrecan is negatively correlated with the YKL-40 level ,which may reflect the dedifferentiation degree of joint chondrocyte to some extent .

Objectives By Oxford pathological classification and analysis of circulating complement complement 3 (C3),renal C3 deposition,and clinical laboratory tests,we discussed the correlation between complement C3 and immunoglobin A nephropathy (IgAN) in pathogenesis.Methods A retrospective study of 558 IgAN cases at Xinhua Hospital from January of 2000 through December of 2013 was performed.All 558 IgAN diagnoses were made and confirmed by renal needle biopsy.Results Compared to patients who had circulating C3 ＜ 0.9,patients with circulating C3 level ＞ 0.9 showed statistically significant decreases in serum creatinine [(100.92 ± 105.31) μmol/L vs (157.58 ± 208.39) μmol/L,t =-2.283,P =0.025],blood urea nitrogen [(5.69 ± 2.88) mmol/L vs (7.69 ± 5.90) mmoL/L,t =-2.81,P =0.006];besides,other parameters like IgA,body weight,body mass index (BMI),cholesterol,triglyceride,serum IgA/C3 ratio,albumin,and estimated glomeruli filtrate rate (eGFR) also presented statistically significant differences between two patient groups;no statistically significant differences were observed between two groups in glomerular mesangial cell proliferation,capillary endothelial proliferation,segmental glomerular sclerosis or adhesions,renal tubule atrophy,tubulointerstitial fibrosis,and formation of glomerular crescent;meanwhile,no statistically significant differences were observed between two groups in mesangial depositions of IgA,IgG,IgM,and complement C3;meanwhile the blood level of C3 between C3 deposition negative group,deposition 2 + and 3 + subgroup showed statistically significant differences (2.493 and 2.782;0.013 and 0.006),nevertheless,prognostic indices in Oxford classification,such as mesangial cell proliferation,capillary endothelial proliferation,segmental glomerular sclerosis or adhesions,renal tubule atrophy and tubulointerstitial fibrosis,were also statistically different between two patient groups (Pearson Square test result was 50.782,35.141,21.105,30.182,respectively;P ＜0.01).Conclusions Renal deposition of complement C3 or decrease in circulating C3 level may be associated with a poor prognosis of IgA nephropathy,and alteration in C3 dynamics may be implicated in the pathogenesis of IgAN through its involvement in humoral immunity.

AIM: To study the relationship between the activity of phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2) and pulmonary structural remodeling with the model of chronic isobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: 29 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group, chronic hypoxic group and hypoxia plus Polidatin (PD) group. By diameter, the arteries were divided into two groups: arteries of group I (30 ?m-100 ?m) and group II (101 ?m-200 ?m). The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) was measured by inserting a microcatheter into the pulmonary artery. The PLA 2 activity was measured with modified microtitrimetic method. The pulmonary tissue and arterioles morphology changes were examined under light microscope. RESULTS: It was found that after 21 days hypoxia, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), the PLA 2 activity in blood and lung homogenate increased significantly. The media thickness of group I arteries increased (P

Objective To investigate the changes in iNOS expression in brain injury induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in rats.Methods Thirty-two male Wistar rats weighing 240-280 g were randomly divided into 2 groups: sham operation group (group S,n = 8) and group IB( n = 24).The hepatic IR was induced by clamping the hepatic artery and portal vein according te the method described by LONG et al.In group IR the rats were killed at 3,6 and 24 h of reperfusion after 40 min hepatic ischemia (8 rats at each time point).The rats in group S were also killed.The brains were removed for determination of NO content (by nitrate reductase assay),SOD activity (by xanthine oxidase method),MDA content(by colorimetric method),nitrotyrosine (NT) expression (by Western blot),and iNOS mRNA expression (by RT-PCR).Results Compared with group S,cerebral NO and MDA content were significantly increased at 6 and 24 h of reperfusion,expression of cerebral NT and iNOS mRNA up-regulated and SOD activity decreased at 6 h of reperfusion in group IR (P < 0.05 or 0.01).Cerebral NO and MDA content were significantly higher and SOD activity lower at 6 and 24 h of reperfusion than at 3 h of reperfusion in group IR (P < 0.05).Conclusion The expression of iNOS in brain tissues is up-regulated after hepatic IR and it produces a great amount of NO inducing brain injury through peroxynitrite (ONOO-).

Coronary Aneurysm ; complications ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Infarction ; complications

Vertebral artery dominance is generally considered to be a congenital vascular variation or meaningless clinical finding.Many studies have shown that the bilateral vertebral artery blood flow asymmetry caused by vertebral artery dominance is easy to result in basilar artery curvature.Some studies have shown that there are certain correlations between both the vertebral artery dominance and the basilar artery curvature and the posterior circulation stroke.

Background Econazole nitrate is not effective as an antifungal eyedrop because of its poor intraocular permeability,therefore changing the formulation of econazole nitrate to improve its intraocular permeability become a critical point in the treatment of intraocular fungal infection. Objective The present study was to observe the penetration of 0.5％ econazole nitrate nanoparticles in the corneas and aqueous humors following its topicaladministration. Methods Econazole nitrate nanoparticles were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion.Characteristics and size of nanoparticles were examined with transmission electron microscope and laser scatteringmethod,respectively.Econazole nitrate nanoparticles drops (0.5％ )was topically administered in 27 New Zealandwhite rabbits bilaterally,and aqueous humor and corneas were obtained after the application of the eye drops for 5,15,30,45,60,90,120,180,240 minutes respectively to detect the concentration of econazole nitrate with highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with 3 p97pharmacokinetic computer software.The use of the animals followed the Regulation for the Administration of AffairsConcerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission. Results The diameter of thenanoparticles was 50 nm with the round shape and encapsulation efficiency was 96.0％.Econazole nitrate nanoparticlesat the concentration of 0.5％ could be rapidly separated with other elements by HPLC with a lowest quantitativeconcentration of 0.1 mg/L.The mean recovery rates of econazole nitrate nanoparticles were 98.09％ in cornea and 99.66％ in aqueous humor,respectively after topical administration.The peak levels of econazole nitrate nanoparticles in cornea and aqueous humor were achieved at 5 minutes after application ( cornea:40.620 μg/g± 7.756 μg/g;aqueous humor:0.504 mg/L±0.153 mg/L),and its half-life( t1/2 )in cornea and aqueous humor was 23.5 minutes and 18.6 minutes,respectively. Conclusions Econazole nitrate nanoparticles at 0.5％ concentration can remain a feasible bioavailability in ocular tissue and therapeutic level in cornea and aqueous humor.

Objective To investigate and evaluate the polymorphism distribution of arsenic(+3 oxidation state)methyhransferase(AS3MT)5'-UTR VNTR in Chinese populations.Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood anti-coagulated with ACD of 1440 individuals in a standard phenol-chloroform protocol.The phenotypes of AS3MT 5'-UTR VNTR were determined by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)associated with agarose gel electrophoresis.Results Of the 1440 individuals,771(53.5%),426(29.6%),211(14.7%),16(1.1%)and 16(1.1%)were carriers of the V2/V3(AB/A2B),V3/V3(A2B/A2B),V2/V2(AB/AB),V2/V4(AB/A3B)and V3/V4(A2B/A3B)genotype,respectively.The AB(V2),A2B(V3)and A3B(V4)allele frequency was 41.9%,57.0%,1.1%respectively.The differences of AB(V2)and A2B(V3)allele frequency were all significant between the northern and southern populations respectively(χ2=23.39,χ2=33.28,P＜0.007).Conclusions In different regions the AB(V2)and A2B(V3)allele frequency is different,the AS3MT 5'-UTR VNTR polymorphism can be used to evaluate the susceptivity of arsenieosis.

AlM:To evaluate the efficacy of retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone acetonide ( TA ) combined with 577nm laser macular grid photocoagulation for the treatment of cystoid macular edema.
METHODS: Fifty-eight cases ( 66 eyes ) with cystoid macular edema caused by different diseases were recruited in this study. The included patients were treated with both retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone acetonide and 577nm laser macular grid photocoagulation. The best corrected visual acuity, macular thickness, fundus and intraocular pressure were observed in the 1wk, 1 and 3mo after the treatment in all of the included cases.
RESULTS: After treatment, all of the 66 eyes showed cystoid macular edema partially or completely subsided according to optical coherence tomography and fluorescence fundus angiography; 54 eyes ( 82%) visual acuity improved, 12 vision remained the same.
CONCLUSlON: Retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone acetonide combined with 577nm laser macular grid photocoagulation has good curative effect, simple operation procedure and rare complications in the management of cystoid macular edema.