OBJECTIVES: Sleep problems has been consistently reported as a suicidal risk factor in adults and, recently, also in adolescents. In this study, dividing study subjects by the previous suicidal behaviors (suicidal vs non-suicidal), we compared the group differences of suicidal risk factors, and examined the possibility of sleep as a suicidal risk factor. METHODS: Study subjects were 561 (271 boys and 290 girls) from a community sample of high school students. Suicidal Risk Behavior Checklist, Center for Epidemiological Study-Depression (CES-D), Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R) Anxiety and Aggression subscale, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were done. RESULTS: Forty six students (8.1%) reported previous actual self-harm behavior as a suicidal attempt, 181 students (32.4%) reported having suicidal thought only. Three hundred thirty four students (59.5%) reported no previous suicidal behavior (thought and attempt, both). Suicidal behavior group showed higher score on risk behaviors such as school violence, substance use and internet addiction. CES-D, SCL-90-R, PSQI showed significant group difference. Logistic regression analysis showed suicidal risk were significantly associated with depression, stress in suicidal risk factors and sleep latency, daytime dysfunction in PSQI. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows the most prolonged sleep latency and increased index of all PSQI components except sleep efficiency in suicidal attempt group. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep Problems had a strong association with the suicidal risk behavior in adolescents. Sleep problems, especially, prolonged sleep latency, daytime dysfunction might be important markers for suicidal behavior. Screening for sleep problems in adolescents are encouraged for the parents, school teachers, and related medical physicians.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aggression ; Anxiety ; Checklist ; Depression ; Humans ; Internet ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening ; Parents ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Suicide ; Violence

OBJECTIVES: The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a useful non-invasive tool to investigate the autonomic nerve function. Previous studies on the relationship between HRV and depression have been reported controversial results. Similarly, the correlation between the serum lipids and depression is debatable. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between heart rate variability, lipid profile and depression. METHODS: A total of 42 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 32 age and sex-matched normal subjects who had no previous history of major medical and mental illnesses were recruited for this study. A structured-interview was used to assess the general characteristics and psychiatric illness. HRV measures were assessed by time-domain and frequency-domain analyses. Psychological symptoms were measured using the Hamilton rating scale for anxiety (HAM-A), Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D). In addition, the evaluation for lipid profile was performed by blood test. RESULTS: In serum lipid profile test, MDD group showed higher cholesterol (197.68+/-42.94 mg/dL vs. 176.85+/-34.68 mg/dL, p=0.044), TG (139.45+/-92.54 mg/dL vs. 91.4+/-65.68 mg/dL, p=0.018), LDL (130.03+/-33.18 vs. 106.62+/-27.08, p=0.004) level than normal control group. In HRV time domain analyses, the standard deviation of the NN interval (SDNN) was decreased in MDD group than normal control group, but was not significant (32.82+/-14.33 ms vs. 40.36+/-21.40ms, p=0.078). ApEn (Approximate Entrophy) was significantly increased in MDD group than normal control group (1.13+/-0.11 vs. 0.91+/-0.18, p<0.001). ApEn was correlated with LDL level (r=0.277, p=0.028), HAM-D scores (r=0.534, p<0.001) and HAM-A scores (r=0.470, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: MDD patients showed increased ApEn, one of the HRV measurement. And this ApEn was correlated with LDL, HAM-D and HAM-A scores. In this study, the analysis of ApEn would be a useful test of MDD.
Anxiety ; Autonomic Pathways ; Cholesterol ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Heart ; Heart Rate ; Humans

No abstract available.
Neurocutaneous Syndromes*

No abstract available.
Neurocutaneous Syndromes*

No abstract available.
Fistula ; Neck* ; Salivary Glands*

Purpose: To report two cases of pupil dilatation that occurred after laser treatment at the peripheral lattice degeneration or retinal hole.Case summary: A 28-year-old male was treated with a Pascal laser for barrier photocoagulation at 10-12 and 6 o'clock retinal holes and a lattice degeneration. He complained of decreased visual activity at near distance. The right pupil size was 5 mm and the left pupil size was 3 mm. The right eye was more dilatated. The relative afferent pupillary defect test of the right eye was normal and the direct light reflex was slightly decreased in the same eye. A 35-year-old female patient was treated with a barrier grid photocoagulation with an argon laser for peripheral retinal degeneration, which occurred 1 month prior. The right eye dilatation was 4 mm pupil size. Both the pupillary light reflex and the relative afferent pupillary defect test showed normal results. Conclusions Because mydriasis can occur as an uncommon complication following barrier photocoagulation at the peripheral retinal degeneration and hole, mydriasis before the peripheral retinal treatmen should be fully explained to the patient. In addition, every effort should be made to minimize damage to the distribution of the short ciliary nerve, especially superior and inferior to the peripheral retinal lesion.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the occupational performance and development needs, and specifically the priority needs, of general hospital nurses according to their career levels so as to help create an effective nursing management competency development program. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 203 nurses working at three advanced general hospitals in G metropolitan city and C province. The participants completed a questionnaire about behavioral indicators which measured their nursing management performance and development needs. Their career levels were divided into four. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Borich need, and the Locus for Focus model. Results: The mean levels of nursing management performance and competency development needs were 2.78±0.75 and 4.07±0.58, respectively. There was a significant difference in nursing management performance and development needs according to career level (F=6.18, p<.001, F=12.35, p<.001). Priority need analysis showed that level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4 nurses had higher demands for self-development and adaptation to new changes/organizationursing work performance and information management role/creativity development, respectively. Conclusion The findings provide a basis for training systems that differentiate between contents and degrees of nursing management competency based on career level to develop nursing human resources.

No abstract available.
Breast* ; Mucinoses*

No abstract available.

A complete septate uterus with cervical duplication and a longitudinal vaginal septum is a rare uterine malformation. The dissection of the septum can be difficult because it is difficult for hysteroscopists to find out initial point, direction and final point of a complete septum. This study aimed the introduction of more efficient surgical procedure using a balloon with methylene blue. We have experienced three cases with a complete septate uterus. We performed hysteroscopic dissection of a complete uterine septum using a balloon with methylene blue and obtained good reproductive outcomes. So we report three cases with a brief review of literatures.
Methylene Blue ; Uterus