Bolld volume in 10 adult rabbits were measured by means of RISA dilution. The values were: eye plasma volume 0.0093 ml/gm eye, eye bolld volume 0.016 ml/gm eye and total blood volume of whole eye was 0.043 +/- 0.013(S.D.) ml. Total body plasma volume obtained simultaneously was 4.0% body weight and total body blood volume 6.9% body weight.
Adult ; Blood Volume* ; Body Weight ; Humans ; Plasma Volume ; Rabbits

No abstract available.
Blood Volume* ; Hypotension* ; Nitric Oxide* ; Plasma* ; Renal Dialysis*

BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty (TKR) is associated with a significant loss of blood. Fluid substitution with crystalloid or colloid solutions to correct perioperative hypovolemia is essential. Colloid solutions, and especially hydroxyethyl starches (HES), are used to treat hypovolemia, but they may affect blood coagulation. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy and the safety of colloid solutions in patients undergoing TKR. METHODS: The patients undergoing TKR were divided into a group that underwent fluid management with Voluven(R) (n = 22) and a group that was managed with Hextend(R) (n = 24). The blood loss, the autotransfused blood volume, the hemoglobin level, the allogenic blood requirement, the urine output and the complications were assessed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the amount of blood loss, the autotransfused blood volume, the allogenic requirement, the urine output and the complications between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Voluven(R) and Hextend(R) are equally efficacious plasma volume substitutes when performing TKR with an autotransfusion of drained blood.
Arthroplasty ; Blood Coagulation ; Blood Transfusion, Autologous ; Blood Volume ; Colloids ; Hemoglobins ; Hetastarch ; Humans ; Hypovolemia ; Isotonic Solutions ; Knee ; Plasma Volume ; Postoperative Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: Recently, clinical use of fresh frozen plasma(FFP) has increased in all blood transfusion activity. But inappropriate uses of FFP may be serious problem due to adverse transfusion reactions, viral transmission, and economic aspects. The aim of this study is to justify clinical indication of FFP by receiving the inappropriate use of them. METHODS: Analyzing hospital records of 115 patients transfused with FFP at Kyung Hee Medical Center from January to April 1998, retrospectively, we investigated the purpose of transfusions, the volume of transfused FFP, and the results of pre- and post-coagulation tests. RESULTS: The most common purpose of transfusions of FFP was plasma volume replacement after surgical operation. Coagulation tests of pre- and post-transfusion were performed 85% and 47%, respectively. Fifty-seven patients(88%) transfused FFP have shown normal results in pre-coagulation tests, and the volume replacement with FFP was done inadequately in 62 cases(54%). CONCLUSION: We conclude that, in order to eliminate side effects due to inappropriate use of FFP, and protect patients, it is necessary to make guidelines of FFP transfusion, educate hospital staffs regularly, and perform pre- and post-coagulation tests routinely for the patients who need FFP transfusion. (Korean J Blood Transfusion 10(1): 5-12, 1999)
Blood Group Incompatibility ; Blood Transfusion ; Hospital Records ; Humans ; Plasma Volume ; Plasma* ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND: Various plasma substitutes are used for the correction of hypovolemia caused by blood loss. It is known that plasma substitutes themselves have some adverse effects on blood coagulation. We performed this study to show the actual effect of plasma substitutes on blood coagulation in clinical hypovolemic situation caused by blood loss. METHODS: 60 patients scheduled for radical hysterectomy were grouped by the plasma substitutes infused; group C, S, V and P correspondingly infused with Hartman's solution, Salinhes(R), Voluven(R) and Pentaspan(R). Thromboelastograms (TEG) at 15 minutes after induction of anesthesia (T(0)), after 15% blood loss of the estimated blood volume (T(1)) and just after infusion of the plasma substitutes (T(2)) were compared among the groups and changes with the time course within each group were investigated. RESULTS: Compared to group C, MA, A60, coagulation index, CL60 (parameters of TEG) were decreased and LY60 increased in group S and P while group V presented no significant changes. Hypercoagulability and reduced fibrinolysis were observed for T(1); for T(2), group C showed decrease in k-time, LY60 and increase in alpha angle, CL60. Group S presented decrease in MA, A60 compared to T0 and decrease in CL60 and increase in LY60. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery and blood loss accelerated coagulation and reduced fibrinolysis. These were aggravated after crystalloid infusion. In contrast, coagulability was reduced and fibrinolysis augmented after infusion of HES except HES 130/0.4/6.
Anesthesia ; Blood Coagulation ; Blood Volume ; Fibrinolysis ; Humans ; Hypovolemia ; Hysterectomy* ; Plasma Substitutes* ; Plasma* ; Thrombophilia

BACKGROUND: Recently, clinical use of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) has increased in all blood transfusion activity. But inappropriate uses of FFP may be serious problem due to adverse transfusion reactions, viral transmission, and economic aspects. The aim of this study is to justify clinical indication of FFP by receiving the inappropriate use of them. METHODS: Analyzing hospital records of 115 patients transfused with FFP at Kyung Hee Medical Center from January to April 1998, retrospectively, we investigated the purpose of transfusions, the volume of transfused FFP, and the results of pre- and post-coagulation tests. RESULTS: The most common purpose of transfusions of FFP was plasma volume replacement after surgical operation. Coagulation tests of pre- and post-transfusion were performed 85% and 47%, respectively. Fifty-seven patients (58%) transfused FFP have shown normal results in pre-coagulation tests, and the volume replacement with FFP was done inadequately in 62 cases (54%). CONCLUSION: We conclude that, in order to eliminate side effects due to inappropriate use of FFP, and protect patients, it is necessary to make guidelines of FFP transfusion, educate hospital staffs regularly, and perform pre- and post-coagulation tests routinely for the patients who need FFP transfusion.
Blood Group Incompatibility ; Blood Transfusion ; Hospital Records ; Humans ; Plasma Volume ; Plasma* ; Retrospective Studies

We evaluated clinical effects and side effects of plasma exchange(PE) in patients with severe Guillain-Barre syndrome(GBS). Two plasma volumes were exchanged 3 times on an alternate-day base(total 6 plasma volumes) in eight patients with severe GBS. Exchange fluid used was fresh frozen plasma(FFP) or human albumin. Intervals taken for patients to walk with support were significantly shorter than eight control patients. GBS of the similar grades(p<0.05). Effects were not related to age, sex, or initial CSF protein levels. After PE, thrombocytopenia followed in all patients, most remarkably after the first PE. Degree of platelet reduction correlated significantly with the time taken for each PE and the plasma flow rate during PE. But they resolved spontaneously in all cases within 2 to 11 days after the last PE. Other side effects included urticaria, paresthesia dyspnea, hemorrhagic spots on the skin, and chilly sense, all of which were transient. These results suggest that PE could promote early improvement in severe GBS with relative safety, if performed early in the course of the illness.
Blood Platelets ; Dyspnea ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome* ; Humans ; Paresthesia ; Plasma Exchange* ; Plasma Volume ; Plasma* ; Skin ; Thrombocytopenia ; Urticaria

BACKGROUND: The Spectra Optia (SPO) is a novel continuous-flow centrifugal apheresis system based on the COBE Spectra (CSP) platform. There have been few attempts to validate the advantages of the SPO. We performed a retrospective study comparing the two cell separators for therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) procedures in kidney transplant (KT) patients and seeing efficacy and safety. METHODS: We analyzed 720 TPE procedures performed between August 2012 and July 2014. Procedures included desensitization TPE before KT and TPE for the management of acute and chronic antibody-mediated graft rejection. Demographic characteristics, operational TPE variables, and laboratory data were analyzed. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics for the SPO (n=389) and CSP (n=331) groups did not differ significantly. The procedure time to exchange one plasma volume was 94.2+/-10.3 min in the SPO group and 100.4+/-11.2 min in the CSP group (P<0.001). The plasma removal efficiency (PRE) was 92.5+/-4.9% in the SPO group and 83.2+/-3.7% in the CSP group (P<0.001). There were no significant differences across the two apheresis systems for changes in hematologic parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the CSP, the SPO was associated with an improved PRE and a shorter procedure time to exchange one plasma volume. Our results in KT patients show that the SPO is superior to the CSP in TPE procedures.
Blood Component Removal ; Graft Rejection ; Humans ; Kidney ; Kidney Transplantation ; Plasma ; Plasma Exchange* ; Plasma Volume ; Retrospective Studies

Transfusion therapy has changed in the past several years, largely as a result of improved knowledge of the physIology of hypovolemia, development of plasma expenders and plastic blood-collection equipment, the possibility of blood mediated infection and also shortage of whole blood Supply. In Korea, the difficulty of getting blood is remarkably increasing recently. According to recent studies, the patient seems can undergo rapid loss of 1000 to 2000mL, or up to 40 percent of their blood volume without developing irreversible shock, and that blood pressure can be maintained by the administration of saline fluids, lactated Ringer solution being presently most in vogue. If there is further blood loss, it may be necessary to augument the bodys circulating hemoglobin, but this can be done by the administration of packed cells. During 1968 and 1970 at St. Mary's Hospital took place 6904 general anesthesia. Blood transfusion or these cases were analysed. In the past several years, we have tried to reduce the whole blood transfusion during surgery and to use lactated Ringer's solution and plasma expanders like hemaccel and macrodex, etc. In this review there was significant change in intraoperative blood and fluid replacement and the trend of decreasing blood transfusion and increasing lactated Ringers solution and plasma expander was noticed. Supply of packed cell is required to improve the transfusion technique in future.
Anesthesia, General ; Blood Pressure ; Blood Transfusion ; Blood Volume ; Dextrans ; Humans ; Hypovolemia ; Korea ; Physiology ; Plasma ; Plastics ; Shock

BACKGROUND: Distribution and elimination of crystalloid or colloid solutions during inhalational anesthesia have not been adequately investigated. Hemoglobin dilution and fluid kinetic model have been shown to reveal the distribution and elimination of various kinds of fluids. Therefore, we assessed fluid space changes after Hartmann's solution or hydroxyethyl starch solution (HES) infusion during desflurane anesthesia. METHODS: We infused 20 ml/kg of Hartmann's solution, 8.5 ml/kg of Hextend(R) and 8.5 ml/kg of Voluven(R) during 20 min, after anesthesia induction and before surgical incision, and measured the hemoglobin changes. We used mass balance equations and a fluid kinetic model to evaluate the changes of fluid space. In the fluid kinetic model, we used one volume model, which allows estimation of the size of the body fluid space expanded by the fluid (V) and the elimination rate constant (kr). RESULTS: The expanded plasma volume of three different fluids, calculated using mass balance equations, showed a similar degree of expansion during infusion, however, after finishing infusion, the dilution effect of Hartmann's solution decreased rapidly and lasted less than HES. Fluid kinetic model shows the mean size of V of 12.3 +/-5.9 L for Hartmann' solution, 5.2 +/- 1.6 L for Hextend, and 4.5 +/- 1.6 L for Voluven. Corresponding kr values were 263.0 +/- 161.8, 36.5 +/- 31.8, and 34.1 +/- 21.3 ml/min, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution volume of intravenous fluids analyzed by kinetic model showed that crystalloid fluid has a similar volume distribution compared to extracellular fluid and HES distributed to a volume larger than blood volume. Analysis and simulation of plasma volume expansion using this model provide a helpful tool for anesthesiologists planning fluid therapy.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Blood Volume ; Body Fluids ; Colloids ; Extracellular Fluid ; Fluid Therapy ; Hemoglobins ; Hetastarch ; Isoflurane ; Isotonic Solutions ; Plasma Volume ; Starch