INTRODUCTION Early onset sepsis is difficult to diagnose due to nonspecific symptoms and a lack of
reliable tests. It can progress quickly, and lead to neurodevelopmental consequences or be fatal if not
treated. However, approximately 10-fold more newborns are treated with antibiotics empirically and often
unnecessarily. This study aimed to compare the management recommendations of the Neonatal Early
Onset Sepsis Calculator with those of the Centers for Disease Control/American Academy of Pediatrics
guidelines.

METHODS Neonatal Early Onset Sepsis Calculator was applied to the data set to examine how an alternative
model would perform compared to current guidelines published by the CDC and compared to current
practice within the institution. Chi square and kappa value agreement was used to determine the difference
between treatment recommendations of NEOS calculator and AAP guideline.

RESULTS Of the 330 patients who received therapy, only 14.2% were recommended empiric antibiotics by
the EOS calculator, compared to the 39% recommended by the CDC guidelines (p < 0.001, ? = 0.372).
Eleven patients were identified to have culture-positive sepsis.

CONCLUSION The number of infants suspected with EOS and subsequently require antibiotic use at birth
may be dramatically reduced with the use of the neonatal EOS calculator.

Human ; Sepsis ; Blood Culture

Abstract: The diagnosis of bacteremia relies on the isolation and identification of the bacteria from blood cultures, whether they are community-acquired or nosocomial in origin. However, studies have shown that, in the Philippines alone, physicians have been found to underutilize these laboratory examinations. Objectives: The goal of this study was to determine the influence of positive blood cultures and sensitivity test results on the antibiotic choices of pediatrics residents at the University of the Philippines – Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH). Methods: A chart review of patients with positive blood cultures, who were 18 years old and below, and admitted initially at the UP-PGH Pediatric Emergency Room (UP-PGH PER) from August 1, 2004 to July 31, 2005 was performed. Excluded were patients who died before the release of the blood culture reports or discharged per request or against medical advice, post-operative patients, patients with presumed polymicrobial sepsis, and patients with contaminated blood cultures. Results: One hundred twenty two (122) patients with positive blood cultures were included: 87 or 71.3% of the isolates were community-acquired, the most common pathogens of which were gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis (18.3%), followed by gram-negative Salmonella (11.5%). Among the patients diagnosed with bacteremia at the UP-PGH PER, Staph. epidermidis was also the most common pathogen; with 34% of all isolates acquired nosocomially. Other significant isolates included Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella sp. Prior to the release of the blood culture and sensitivity results, 45 of the 122 patients were already discharged. Therapy at the time of discharge was of questionable efficacy, accounting to 73.3%. Of the 77 patients discharged after the release of blood culture and sensitivity (CS) results, only 21(27%) of the antibiotic therapies were modified, and 56 (73%) were not modified at all. It is imperative to know, however, that 50% of the antibiotic therapies were modified a day after the corresponding blood culture and sensitivity (CS) results came out for patients who presented with nosocomial infection. Conclusion In general, blood culture and sensitivity test results have a limited effect on the antibiotic choices of pediatric residents at the UP-PGH (University of the Philippines – Philippine General Hospital).
Bacteremia ; Blood Culture ; Anti-Bacterial Agents

No abstract available.
Allografts* ; Animals ; Blood Transfusion* ; Cyclosporine* ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed* ; Rats*

Purpose: Long-term culture- initiating cells(LTC-IC) are stem cells that have the capacities of long-term engraftment and helping to establish hematopoietic microenvironment. For evaluation of the LTC-IC, we measured the counts and function with multidimentional flowcytometry in long-term culture media. METHODS: Samples were obtained from umbilical cord blood, leukapheresis products and bone marrow(BM). LTC-IC were counted with flowcytometric analysis using anti- CD34, anti-CD38, and anti-HLA-DR antibodies at 0, 5, and 8 weeks. Cell adhesion molecule related with stem cell were evaluated with flowcytometric analysis also using anti-VCAM-1(CD106) and anti-VLA-4(CD49d) at 0 and 8 weeks. RESULTS: The proportion of CD34+/CD38- cell from fractionated mononuclear cells at 0 week were 0.46%, 0.044%, and 0.038% for BM, leukapheresis products, and umbilical cord blood respectively and then rapidly decreased at 5 weeks, but still persisted at 8 weeks in all three groups. The proportion of CD34+/HLA-DR- cells was the same tendency to CD34+/CD38-. VCAM+ expression rate from fractionated CD34+ cells at 0 and 8 weeks were 67.3% and 40.2% for BM and 64.1% 44.2% for umbilical cord blood but it was very low 31.2% and 5.1% for leukapheresis products. VLA-4+ expression rate for fractionated CD34+ cells at 0 and 8 weeks were similar tendency to VCAM+ cells. CONCLUSION: This study suggest that the count of LTC-IC decreased with time but still persisted until 8 weeks. Umbilical cord blood including BM help to establish the hematopoietic microenvironments.
Antibodies ; Cell Adhesion ; Culture Media ; Fetal Blood ; Leukapheresis ; Stem Cells

OBJECTIVECurrently, thrombocytopenia is typically observed in patients undergoing hematopioetic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), high-dose chemotherapy or irradiation. Severe thrombocytopenia can cause intestinal and intracranial hemorrhage. To transfuse ex vivo-expanded megakaryocytes (MK) into patients can reinforce the ability of platelet formation and shorten the time of platelet recovery. Therefore it is one of the effective approaches to reduce the danger. The purpose of the present study was to explore the differences in MK expansion between CD(34)(+) stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood (CB) and peripheral blood (PB) and to establish the most optimal culture system.

METHODSMononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque gradient solution. CD(34)(+) cells were isolated by positive selection using an immunomagnetic separation system and the selected CD(34)(+) cells were seeded in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM) supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS) and certain kinds of cytokines. After 15 - 17 days of culture, the cells were counted and the content of CD(41)(+) cells was determined by using flow cytometry, and the number of megakaryocyte colony-forming unit (CFU-MK) was simultaneously measured.

RESULTSAfter the defined days of culture, the cytokine combination of thrombopoietin (TPO) + fetal liver tyrosine kinase ligand (FL) + IL-6 + IL-3 showed to be the most suitable for both PB and CB to obtain high numbers of MK, and to be better than any of the other three groups (P < 0.05). The CD(41)(+) cells from CB were expanded by193 +/- 25 fold on day 14, and those from PB were expanded by 131 +/- 18 fold on day 10. The number of CD(41)(+) cells from both CB and PB decreased.

CONCLUSIONFor PB and CB, the cytokine combination of TPO + FL + IL-6 + IL-3 is most suitable for obtaining large number of MK and is the best combination for ex vivo MK expansion. MKs from CB seemed to have higher proliferation potential than that from PB, and the optimal culture duration of MK from PB is shorter than that of MK from CB.

Antigens, CD34 ; Cell Culture Techniques ; methods ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Separation ; Culture Media ; Fetal Blood ; cytology ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Megakaryocytes ; cytology

Observation of microcirculation plays an important role on the basic research and clinical diagnosis. However, an observation as such on the anesthetized patient will cause stress reaction, thus it will affect normal physiological state and interfere experimental results. At present, a method adopting dorsal microcirculatory chamber (DMC) to do in vivo observation in an unanesthetized state can eliminate the influence of anesthesia. Based on the research reports and practical applications of this method abroad, we summarize, in here, the configuration, function, observation techniques; the application of DMC; and the research states of microcirculation observation.
Animals ; Back ; blood supply ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Diffusion Chambers, Culture ; Humans ; Microcirculation ; physiology ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; methods ; Skin ; blood supply

During the 8-month period of May to December, 1978, a total of 3,529 blood cultures were taken from Yonsei Medical Center patients and the effect of blind subculture in the initial detection of Salmonella typhi positive culture was analyzed. The blind subculture at the end of 1-day incubation (1-d BS) detected 35.0% of S. typhi positive specimens. All of the S. typhi positive specimens by 1-d BS were a1so macroscopically positive. However, by doing slide agglutination with the growth on subculture plate S. typhi was identifiable tentatively. This saved a day compared to macroscopic examination alone. Therefore the 1-d BS is concluded to be a valuable procedure for the isolation of this organism from blood. For the isolation of S. typhi 7-day incubation was concluded adequete based on the fact that there was only 1 specimen which became positive after over 1-week incubation.
Bacteriological Techniques* ; Blood/microbiology ; Comparative Study ; Culture Media ; Human ; Salmonella typhi/isolation & purification* ; Time Factors

Differences in the characteristics of the culture conditions can influence the multiplication rate of Plasmodium falciparum. The Petri dish method is one of the most popular methods of cultivating this parasite. In many previous studies, ideal culture conditions of the Petri dish method were achieved by using erythrocytes collected from blood that had been stored for at least 2 weeks, with daily changes of the medium. In the present study, we studied the multiplication rate of P. falciparum in cultures containing erythrocytes of various ages together with changing the medium at various intervals of time. Our results strongly suggest that the rate of in vitro multiplication of P. falciparum was higher in freshly collected erythrocytes than in aged erythrocytes regardless of the anticoagulant and that when the parasitemia is lower than 8% with a hematocrit of 5%, the medium change interval can be as long as 48 hr without a great reduction in the rate of multiplication.
Animals ; Blood Specimen Collection ; Cell Aging ; Culture Media ; Erythrocytes/*parasitology ; Plasmodium falciparum/*growth & development ; Time Factors

Diabetes is accompanied by delayed wound healing and insufficient granulation tissue formation, possibly because of a defect in fibroblast function. Maintaining glucose level at acceptable low level is considered to be an important part of the clinical treatment of diabetes, but the exact mechanism by which diabetes delays wound repair is not yet known. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of glucose on proliferation([3H]-thymidine uptake) and collagen synthesis([3H]-proline uptake) in dermal fibroblasts from non-lesional skins and chronic wounds. The subjects were divided into 3 groups: non-diabetic control(n = 5), glucose controlled(glycated Hb < 7%) diabetics(n = 5), and glucose uncontrolled(glycosylated Hb > 8%) diabetics(n = 5). The fibroblasts were cultured in two conditions, low glucose(5 mM) and high glucose(20 mM) medium. The data were compared using Mann-Whitney test. The results are as follows: 1. There were no significant differences in the proliferation and collagen synthesis of non-lesional skin fibroblasts in all groups. 2. In high glucose medium culture, the proliferation of the fibroblasts from the wound of the glucose uncontrolled diabetic group was significantly lower than those of the other 2 groups(p< 0.05), and the collagen synthesis of the wound fibroblasts of the control group was significantly higher than those of 2 diabetic groups(p< 0.05). 3. The proliferation and collagen synthesis of the wound fibroblasts in all groups were significantly lower than those of the non-lesional skin fibroblasts(p< 0.05). 4. In the control group and the glucose controlled diabetic group, the proliferation of the wound fibroblasts in the high glucose culture media were lower than those in the low glucose culture media(p< 0.05). Also, in the glucose controlled diabetic group, the collagen synthesis of the wound fibroblasts in the high glucose culture medium was lower than that in the low glucose culture medium(p< 0.05). These results demonstrate that the glucose level may affect the proliferation and collagen synthesis of fibroblasts, and the strict blood glucose control is beneficial to the prevention and treatment of diabetic chronic wounds.
Blood Glucose ; Collagen* ; Culture Media ; DNA* ; Fibroblasts* ; Glucose* ; Granulation Tissue ; Skin ; Wound Healing ; Wounds and Injuries*

Slower growth of S. typhi in hypertonic media, reported previously by the authors, was contradictory to other workers', results which showed better growth of some species of bacteria. To evaluate furthur the effect of hypertonic sucrose on the growth of S. typhi, organisms were suspended in saline or in blood with or without sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS) and stored up to 24 hours. And then viable counts were determined on tryptic soy agar (TSA) and experimental blood cultures were done in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and in TSB with 10% sucrose (TSB-H). S. typhi, suspended in blood and kept for 24 hours, were inoculated into TSB and TSB-H and after 4 hour incubation viable counts were made on TSA and on TSA with 10% sucrose (TSA-H). In this study it was found that, during the 24 hour storage, the viable counts of S. typhi suspended in saline with or without SPS were similar and those suspended in blood with SPS were incereasing. Comparison of the growth in TSB and in TSB-H did not show hyperonic media was better for the cultivation of S. thphi which was kept up to 24 hours before inoculation. On the contrary the growth was slower. Viable counts made on TSA and on TSA-H from the TSB and TSB-H, which were inoculated with S. typhi suspended in blood and incubated for 4 hours, showed similar results indicating TSB-H did not support faster growth. From the results of this experiment and of the previous clinical blood cultures, it is concluded that 0.1% SPS does not give adverse effect on S. typhi during the 24 hour storage and that hypertonic sucrose does not give better result in the cultivation of S. typhi.
Blood/microbiology* ; Culture Media ; Hypertonic Solutions ; Salmonella typhi/drug effects ; Salmonella typhi/growth & development* ; Sucrose/pharmacology*