Essential blepharospasm is an incurable disease for which many treatment modalities fave been tried. The author has performed the Anderson's muscle stripping procrdure involving the meticulous extirpation of all eyelid protractors and reinrorcement or the retractors in three patients with essential blerharospasm withgratifying results.
Adult ; Aged ; Blepharospasm/*surgery ; Eyelid Diseases/*surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Oculomotor Muscles/*surgery

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterized by tonic clonic contractions of the muscles innervated by the ipsilateral facial nerve. Compression of the facial nerve by an ectatic vessel is widely recognized as the most common underlying etiology. HFS needs to be differentiated from other causes of facial spasms, such as facial tic, ocular myokymia, and blepharospasm. To understand the overall craniofacial abnormalities and to perform the optimal surgical procedures for HFS, we are to review the prevalence, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, details of each treatment modality, usefulness of brainstem auditory evoked potentials monitoring, debates on the facial EMG, clinical course, and complications from the literature published from 1995 to the present time.
Blepharospasm ; Craniofacial Abnormalities ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Facial Nerve ; Hemifacial Spasm* ; Microvascular Decompression Surgery ; Muscles ; Myokymia ; Prevalence ; Spasm ; Tics

blepharospasm, palmar hyperhidrosis. Now this toxin is widely used for improving the facial rhytides cosmetically. Author applicated this toxin not only for facial rejuvenation but also for improving for masseter muscle hypertrophy, facial asymmetries after orthognathic surgery, dysmorphis caused by facial nerve paralysis, TMD and habitual TMJ luxation. Author report clinical results with literature review.]]>
Blepharospasm ; Botulinum Toxins ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A ; Clostridium botulinum ; Facial Asymmetry ; Facial Nerve ; Hyperhidrosis ; Hypertrophy ; Masseter Muscle ; Orthognathic Surgery ; Paralysis ; Rejuvenation ; Strabismus ; Temporomandibular Joint