No abstract available.
Bacteria* ; Bivalvia*

Aims: Bivalve molluscs are filter feeders that tend to accumulate and concentrate any suspended particles or bacteria from the water environment. Although they have been proven to accumulate heavy metals, investigation on the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is still lacking. Therefore, this study examines the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from bivalve shellfish, namely, blood cockles (Anadara granosa) and green-lipped mussel (Perna viridis) purchased from markets in Johor, Malaysia. Methodology and results: Samples purchased were homogenized and then diluted. Viable cell count and bacterial isolation were performed using diluted samples followed by an antibiotic susceptibility test (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline) conducted on the pure isolates. The total viable count of bacterial colonies for cockle and mussel samples ranged from 1.1 × 107 to 4.4 × 109 CFU/mL and 1.2 × 109 to 4.3 × 109 CFU/mL. The numbers of colonies isolated from respective bivalves were 11 and 6. Generally, cockles isolates revealed higher resistance towards all three antibiotics at or above the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) threshold value. Meanwhile, mussel isolates showed full susceptibility to any ciprofloxacin concentration and tetracycline but exhibited resistance to ampicillin at a concentration exceeding the CLSI value. The number of drug resistance isolates in cockle and mussel samples decreased with increasing antibiotic concentration. The maximum number of antibiotics the mussel isolates were resistant to was two, whereas cockle isolates achieved three. Conclusion, significance and impact of study The outcome of this study concludes that some isolates from cockle and mussel samples can resist antibiotic concentration above the CLSI threshold value. Resistance of more than the CLSI threshold level revealed that these isolates could pose significant health risks especially when the bivalves are ingested raw or undercooked.
Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Bivalvia

In recent years, due to the dramatic increase in the number of surgical operations, there has been a clinically significant increase in the demand for medical adhesives capable of cohesion in a moist environment that can overcome blood or tissue fluids . As the understanding of the mechanisms and key elements of natural adhesion to aquatic organisms continues to develop, a variety of medical adhesives have been developed by mimicking adhesion procedures or utilizing key functional groups. This article will review the classification, adhesion mechanism, use, research progress and development prospects of biomedical adhesives inspired by aquatic organisms octopus and mussels.
Adhesives ; Animals ; Biomimetic Materials ; Bivalvia

An in situ hypothermia technique allows ample exposure for a precise and bloodless dissection as well as ample protection against ischemia and blood loss in the surgical management of renal parenchyma. The saline slush method is simple and requires material that is readily available in standard operating rooms. Renal parenchymal surgery using in situ hypothermia was performed on 23 patients, 18 with renal calculi and 5 with renal injury, during 4 years period from June, 1976 to Mar, 1980. Partial nephrectomy was done in 12 patients, extended pyelolithotomy with nephrotomy in 5, nephrolithotomy in 3 and bivalve nephrolithotomy in 3. There was no morbidity related particularly to this hypothermia technique, however, in 4 out of 18 renal calculous patients remnant calculi were detected on postoperative study.
Bivalvia ; Calculi ; Humans ; Hypothermia* ; Ischemia ; Kidney Calculi ; Nephrectomy ; Operating Rooms

OBJECTIVETo optimize extraction and purification methods of acidic polysaccharide from Moerella iridescens (MIAP).

METHODSWith alkali extraction process and orthogonal experiment,the time consumption,temperature,pH value of the solution and alcohol concentration during the extraction were optimized. The crude products were deprived of protein,pigment and ion,then were purified with DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and verified with Sephadex G-100 and cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis,and examined with infrared spectrum.

RESULTSThe optimized extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time 6 h,extraction temperature 70 degree,the solution pH 8.0 and the concentration of alcohol precipitation 70%. Intuitive features showed that the MIAP was pure white crystalline granular with slight dark brown color. The purification results demonstrated that the target MIAP was eluted and identified as a homogeneous components by DEAE-cellulose ion exchange column,Sephadex G-100 and cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. Infrared spectral scanning suggested that MIAP was α-D-type terminated glucopyranose. Intuitive features showed that MIAP was soft and cottony white.

CONCLUSIONThe extraction process with orthogonal test has been optimized and the acidic polysaccharide from Moerella iridescens is successfully isolated.

As an important auxiliary material, adhesive materials have many important applications in various fields including but not limited to industrial packaging, marine engineering, and biomedicine. Naturally occurring adhesives such as mussel foot proteins are usually biocompatible and biodegradable, but their limited sources and poor mechanical properties in physiological conditions have limited their widespread uses in biomedical field. Inspired by the underwater adhesion phenomenon of natural organisms, a series of biomimetic adhesive materials have been developed through chemical or bioengineering approaches. Notably, some of those synthetic adhesives have exhibited great promise for medical applications in terms of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, strong tissue adhesion and many other attractive functional properties. As natural adhesive materials possess distinctive "living" attributes such as environmental responsiveness, self-regeneration and autonomous repairs, the development of various biologically inspired and biomimetic adhesive materials using natural adhesives as blueprints will thus be of keen and continuous interest in the future. The emerging field of synthetic biology will likely provide new opportunities to design living glues that recapitulate the dynamic features of those naturally occurring adhesives.
Adhesives ; Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; Biomimetic Materials ; chemistry ; Biomimetics ; Bivalvia

A clinical observation was made on 90 consecutive cases of urologic in-patients with renal stones in the Department of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, from January, 1975 to December, 1979. 1) This disease occurred most frequently in the fourth decade, showing 29 cases of total urologic in-patients with renal stones and the ratio of male to female was 2:1. 2) 57 cases showed acidic urine, compared with alkaline urine in 25 cases. 3) Pyuria was observed in 57,3% and microscopic hematuria in 59.8%. 4) In 35.4%, cultures of urine were positive for bacteria and the common invaders were staphylococci and E. coli. 5) In 20.7%, of all cases there were urinary stones of other sites. 6) Pyelolithotomy in 47 cases (54.4%), nephrolithotomy in 16 cases (17.8%), partial nephrectomy in 7 cases (7.8%), nephrectomy in 12 cases (13.3%) and bivalve nephrolithotomy in 8 cases (8.9%) were performed. 7) In pyelolithotomy, single stone was 70.2%, and single stone and staghorn stone in nephrolithotomy were 43.8% respectively which were fixed to the renal calyx. In bivalve nephrolithotomy, staghorn stone was 75% and multiple stone in partial nephrectomy was 85.7% and staghorn stone in nephrectomy was 41.7%. 8) Transfusion was performed in bivalve nephrolithotomy, partial nephrectomy, nephrolithotomy, pyelolithotomy and nephrectomy in decreased order, operation times were longer in order of partial nephrectomy, bivalve nephrolithotomy, nephrolithotomy, nephrectomy and pyelolithotomy, and post-operative day was longer in partial nephrectomy with 11.3 days. 9) Postoperative complications were observed in 9 cases (10%). There were in differences in operative technique and secondary operation by postoperative complication was performed in 2 cases.
Bacteria ; Bivalvia ; Female ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Postoperative Complications ; Pyuria ; Urinary Calculi ; Urology

Three cases who were successfully treated for cardiac injuries by open thoracotomy were reported. The range of the ages of the patients was 3rd decade. Two of the 3 were males with blunt injuries by motor vehicle accident and one was male with stab wound by knife. In the case of blunt injuries, the right atrium was involved in one case and the right and left atrium were involved in the other. The site of stab wound was the right atrium. There were two cases with the pre-operative diagnosis of cardiac injuries and they were blunt injuries. The case of stab wound was not diagnosed pre-operatively. All cases were treated with open thoracotomy-one posterolateral thoracotomy, one median sternotomy and one Clam shell incision. All of them had an uneventfull post-operative course.
Bivalvia ; Diagnosis ; Heart Atria ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Vehicles ; Sternotomy ; Thoracotomy ; Wounds, Nonpenetrating ; Wounds, Stab

PURPOSE: This study examined the most efficient exercise position to activate the gluteus medius (GM) and tensor fascia latae (TFL) in hip abduction in side-lying (HA-SL), clam in side-lying (CL-SL), and sling bridging in side-lying (SB-SL), which are the most representative GM exercises. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy male adults aged from 20 to 40 years, whose body mass index was under 25, participated in this experiment. While all participants conducted three different positions with a counterbalanced manner, such as in AB, CL, and BR, activation of the GM and TFL was measured using 8-channel wireless EMG. Exercise was performed for 10 seconds three times in total with a five minute-break session. RESULTS: Significant differences in GM and TFL activation were observed among the three positions (p<0.05). The highest activation of 60.69 was observed in BR followed in order by 46.03 and 12.92 in HA-SL and CL, respectively. TFL activation in HA-SL was 42.01, followed in order by 35.98 and 14.01 in BR and CL, respectively. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in TFL muscle activation between BR and HA-SL. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that both BR and HA-SL in GM can be done selectively. CL has remarkably low muscle activation in GM and TFL, which makes it less valuable in GM and TFL exercise. In conclusion, selective BR and HA-SL exercise should be applied to maximally and effectively activate the GM.
Adult ; Bivalvia ; Body Mass Index ; Exercise ; Fascia Lata ; Hand ; Hip ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the usefulness of Capute developmental test (Cognitive Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale, CAT/CLAMS) as a screening test for detecting the language delay by evaluating the correlation with sequenced language scale for infants (SELSI). METHOD: Subjects were comprised of 101 children (18~48 months) who were referred for evaluation of language delay. Administering CAT/CLAMS, the developmental quotients (DQs) of CAT and CLAMS, including receptive language quotient (RLQ) and expressive language quotient (ELQ), were calculated. The results of RLQ, ELQ and DQs of CAT/CLAMS were compared with the receptive, expressive and total speech quotient (SQ) of SELSI. RESULTS: The correlation between CLAMS DQ and total SQ (r=0.75, p<0.01), between CLAMS RLQ and receptive SQ (r=0.76, p<0.01), and between CLAMS ELQ and expressive SQ (r=0.79, p<0.01) was statistically significant. CLAMS (DQ<70) revealed a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 78% for detecting language delay defined by total SQ<70. CONCLUSION: Correlation coefficient comparing CLAMS with SELSI test was significantly high in children with language delay. CLAMS DQ 70 is a reasonable screening cutoff score for detecting total SQ<70.
Animals ; Bivalvia ; Cats ; Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Language Development Disorders ; Linguistics ; Mass Screening ; Sensitivity and Specificity