A cross sectional retrospective study was conducted on all cases and case reports of cesarian section at the Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics from January to December 2002. In the year 2002, there were 36.9 of cases were ceasarian section, non-significant increase versus the past year. Ceasarian section in first pregnancy was 33.4%, dramatically increased. There were 37 indications of ceasarian section dividing into 4 main groups: group 1: causes from fetus 83%, large fetus 23.8%, large fetal head 18%, fetal heart failure 17.5%, abnormal presentation 18.9%. Group 2: causes from mother 53%, causes from annexes 16.5%. Group 3: Social causes 2.22% (increased in comparing with previous study).
Cesarean Section ; Pregnant women ; Birth Order

Retrospective, cross-sectional study on all subjects undergone Caesarean section at the Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics from January 2001 to December 2002. Caesarean section on mother of first pregnancy accounted for 36.97%, a non-significant increase versus the last year or by other word, the increased rate of caesarean section operations was slowering down. Among women of first pregnancy, the rate of caesarean section was 33.44%, the increased significant by versus that of previous studies. There were 37 indication for caesarean section in 4 main causal groups: fetal causes 83.16%, cause from mother 53.05%, annex part causes 16.5%, social causes 2.22%. It must considered more strictly these indications.
Pregnant women ; Cesarean Section ; Birth Order

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to understand distress and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in mothers of children with cancer. METHODS: The data were collected through self-reported questionnaires completed by 222 mothers of children with cancer who had visited the hospital between 9th August and 17th September 2013. RESULTS: The results showed high distress both currently and at diagnosis in the majority of respondents. Analysis of the effects of general characteristics on PTG revealed that religious respondents, or those with considerable religious influence, had higher PTG. PTG was also higher in participants with 2 or more children, and for whom the patient was the second-born or later. There were no significant differences in PTG according to either the mother's characteristics (age, level of education, employment status, and burden of medical care costs) or the patient's characteristics (age, gender, birth order, diagnosis, duration of disease, and recurrence). CONCLUSION: The results of this study allowed a balanced observation of both positive and negative psychological states, such as distress and PTG, in mothers of children with cancer. These study findings may be useful foundation data for development of interventions to promote PTG.
Birth Order ; Child* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Employment ; Humans ; Mothers*

A hospital-based case-control study was carried out to identify the age at first live birth and history of exposure to pesticides as risk factors of breast cancer. 1,220 patients with breast cancer and 1,487 age-matched controls examined between 1993-1997 were included in this study. Analyses demonstrated that unmarried women had breast cancer rate of 7.7%. Among cancer women, the number of those who had not any live birth was 121 (9.9%). The rates of cancer among women who were under 20, 20-24, 24-29 and 30 years or more at first live birth were 11.2%, 35.8%, 25.1% and 17.9%, respectively. Women who had history of exposure to pesticides and were 30-34 years at first live birth had higher risk for breast cancer (odds ratio 2.327; p<0.05) than those who were without this history and those had similar history of exposure to organophosphorines, organochlorines, carbamate and so on. (OR: 2.337, 3.107, 6.378, respectively).
Breast Neoplasms ; Risk factors ; Pesticides ; Parturition ; Birth Order

Sociodemographic factors have received considerable attention in the literature with regards its relationship with caries. However, the related information among children ages 12-17 is fairly limited. Birth order has been consistently found to be associated with diseases hypothesized to have an infectious aetiology but only few studies have examined its relationship with dental caries. The aims of this study were to determine the association of birth order and the sociodemographic background of subjects with caries and high caries experience among 16-year-old schoolchildren in Tumpat district, Kelantan. This was a case-control study. A total of 1087 16-year-old schoolchildren were examined intraorally for their caries status. They were categorized into three groups namely caries free (DMFS=0) mild caries (DMFS= 1-7) and high caries (DMFS ≥8) group based on DMFS score. Cases were the caries group and the controls were the caries free group. In each group, 163 subjects were selected by using simple random sampling. A questionnaire was used to obtain personal information of the subjects, birthweight and sociodemographic background. Analysis involved was ordinal logistic regression. The factor that was found to have association with caries and high caries experience determined using multiple ordinal logistic regression analysis was educational level of parents (OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.06; 2.28). This study showed that birth order was not a significant factor associated with caries experience. Among the sociodemographic factors, only parent’s educational level was found to be associated with caries and high caries experience.
Caries, NOS ; experience ; Birth Order ; Relationship by association ; Educational Status

PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence of intra-twin birth weight discordance and its association with infantile gender and birth order. METHODS: We used the data of birth from 2008 to 2013 of Korea Statistics (38,140 pairs of twins). Adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to describe the birth weight discordance (> or =25%) according to infantile gender and birth order (twin A: 1st, twin B: 2nd). Birth weight discordance was calculated as 100 x (birth weight difference/birth weight of the heavier twin). RESULTS: Twin A (mean 2.431 kg) was heavier than twin B (mean 2.359 kg), and the weight difference was 0.281 kg on average. Overall incidence of birth weight discordance was 8.3 percent. The incidence of discordance was 8.8 percent among unlike-sexed pairs and 8.0 percent among like-sexed pairs. Twins with birth weight A> or =B (10.2 percent) showed higher incidence of discordance than twins with birth weight Abirth weight (A> or =B) as compared to like-sexed twins (female-female) with birth weight (ABirth weight discordance was associated with unlike-sexed twin pairs and difference of inter-twin birth weight by birth order. However, close attention should be paid to the discordance of twin body weight to reduce the risk of adverse outcome.
Birth Order* ; Birth Weight* ; Body Weight ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Odds Ratio ; Parturition* ; Twins