Quantum dots, as a new kind of biological fluorescence material, have properties superior to the traditional organic dyes. In the recent decade, researches about the application of quantum dots in biomedicine have made great progress. Tumor markers have vital importance in the diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma; however, they are not widely used for lack of specificity and sensitivity. Researches about applications of quantum dots in the detection of tumor markers are centralized in three aspects, namely the detection of serum/plasma tumor markers, the detection of tissue and cell tumor markers (such as molecular imaging of cell and tissue), and the detection of tumor in vivo animals. A combination of quantum dots and flow cytometry technique for developing a new technique to detect multiple kinds of tumor markers at the same time with greater sensitivity, specificity, rapidity and convenience may have the potential for clinical use of quantum dots.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Humans ; Quantum Dots

PURPOSE: The clinical significance of preoperative serum levels of CEA and CA19-9, levels of CEA and CA19-9 in peritoneal washing fluid and free cancer cells in peritoneal washing fluid in gastric cancer patients were evaluated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum and peritoneal levels of CEA and CA19-9 and peritoneal washing cytology in 115 patients with gastric cancer were analyzed with respect to the prognostic factors using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Positive rate of serum CEA and CA19-9 was 16.5%, 13.0%. And that of peritoneal washing CEA, CA19-9 and cytology was 15.7%, 7.8% and 9.6%. A univariate analysis showed that tumor markets in serum and peritoneal washing fluid and peritoneal washing cytology had significant correlations with the progression of the tumors, and patients with positive serum or peritoneal tumor markers had poorer survival after operation than did the patients with negative tumor markers. But in a multivariate analysis showed that only peritoneal CA19-9 was an independent risk factor. And combination of these five markers provided rnore predictable prognostic informations in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Combination of serum or peritoneal levels of CEA, CA19-9 and washing cytology appeared to be a useful marker for managing gastric cancer patients.
Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Biomarkers, Tumor

This paper aims to analysis of the general problem in the registration dossier and make recommendations on in vitro diagnostic device of tumor markers. On the basis of introducing declarations of the reagents, analysis registration dossier common problems occurs in the products intend to detect novel tumor markers and the combined detection product for multiple tumor markers, and analysis the special requirements for such products.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ; standards

This study was aimed to investigate the value of CD58 in evaluation of early therapeutic effect on childhood B-ALL. The expression features of CD58 in 135 cases of childhood B-ALL were analyzed by four-color flow cytometry; MRD detection protocol for B-ALL using CD58/CD10/CD34/CD19 combination was established; the correlation between the expression features of CD58 and MRD detection was analyzed for the early therapeutic response in childhood B-ALL. The results showed that the mean value of CD58 MFI in 135 cases of B-ALL was 113.08 +/- 63.33, which was significantly higher than that in 15 cases of normal bone marrow controls (14.68 +/- 5.26, P < 0.01). In addition, CD58 was over expressed in 51.9% (70/135) of B-ALL patients, indicating that CD58 could be an effective marker in MRD detection. The CD58/CD10/CD34/CD19 was the second most effective combination next to TdT/CD10/CD34/CD19 in B-ALL MRD detection with flow cytometry. Meanwhile, the positive rate of MRD detection by flow cytometry was significantly lower in CD58 over expression group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that CD58 may be used as an indicator for detection of MRD in B-ALL patients, which would enrich the combination of MRD detection. The CD58 over expression may be considered as a marker of a favorable prognosis in childhood B-ALL.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Burkitt Lymphoma ; immunology ; pathology ; CD58 Antigens ; analysis ; Child ; Humans ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Prognosis

The progress in the understanding of cancer progression and early detection has been slow and frustrating due to the complex multifactorial nature and heterogeneity of the cancer syndrome. To date, no effective treatment is available for advanced cancers, which remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Clearly, there is urgent need to unravel novel biomarkers for early detection. Most of the functional information of the cancer-associated genes resides in the proteome. The later is an exceptionally complex biological system involving several proteins that function through posttranslational modifications and dynamic intermolecular collisions with partners. These protein complexes can be regulated by signals emanating from cancer cells, their surrounding tissue microenvironment, and/or from the host. Some proteins are secreted and/or cleaved into the extracellular milieu and may represent valuable serum biomarkers for diagnosis purpose. It is estimated that the cancer proteome may include over 1.5 million proteins as a result of posttranslational processing and modifications. Such complexity clearly highlights the need for ultra-high resolution proteomic technology for robust quantitative protein measurements and data acquisition. This review is to update the current research efforts in high-resolution proteomic technology for discovery and monitoring cancer biomarkers.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Humans ; Neoplasm Proteins ; analysis ; Neoplasms ; chemistry ; Proteomics ; methods

Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Humans ; Male ; MicroRNAs ; analysis ; Prognosis ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; chemistry ; genetics

Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Humans ; Male ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; analysis ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; metabolism

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumors (GNET), and to describe their clinical, histological, immunophenotypic, ultrastructural, and molecular features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Methods: Three cases of malignant GNET were collected at Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, from 2013 to 2022. All patients underwent surgical resection of the tumor. Histological, immunohistochemical (IHC), ultrastructural and molecular genetic analyses were performed, and the patients were followed up for six months, three years and five years. Results: There were two males and one female patients. The tumors were located in the ileum, descending colon, and rectum, respectively. Grossly, the tumors were solid, firm, and poorly circumscribed, measured in size from 2 to 4 cm in greatest dimension, and had a greyish-white cut surface. These tumors were histologically characterized by a sheet-like or nested population of oval to spindled cells or epithelioid cells with weakly eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm, small nucleoli and scattered mitoses. Electron microscopy showed neuroendocrine differentiation, and no evidence of melanogenesis. IHC staining showed that the tumor cells were diffusely positive for S-100 protein, SOX10, CD56, synaptophysin and vimentin. They were negative for melanocytic markers, HMB45 and Melan A. All three cases showed split EWSR1 signals consistent with a chromosomal translocation involving EWSR1. Next-generation sequencing in one case confirmed the presence of EWSR1-ATF1 fusion. These patients were followed up for 6 months, 3 years and 5 years, respectively, and all of them developed possible lung or liver metastases, and one of them died of multiple pulmonary metastases. Conclusion: Malignant GNET has distinctive morphological, IHC, and molecular genetic features and it should be differentiated from other malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract, especially clear cell sarcoma and melanoma.
Male ; Humans ; Female ; Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis* ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/pathology* ; S100 Proteins/analysis* ; Melanoma

OBJECTIVETo investigate the presence of miRNA-144 in the saliva of patients with esophageal cancer and its value for early diagnosis of esophageal cancer.

METHODSSaliva samples were collected form patients with esophageal cancer admitted in the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College between January, 2011 and May, 2013, with saliva samples from 50 middle-aged healthy volunteers matched for age and gender ratio as the control group. The contents of miRNA-144 in the samples were detected with RT-PCR.

RESULTSThe levels of miRNA-144 in both the whole saliva and saliva supernatant were significantly higher in esophageal cancer group than in the control group (P<0.05). In the whole saliva, the cut-off point of miRNA-144 was ≥100, with a sensitivity of 74.6% and a specificity of 92.0% for esophageal cancer diagnosis (Az=0.865); in saliva supernatant, the cut-off point was ≥20 with a sensitivity of 53.7% and a specificity of 94.0% (Az=0.754), suggesting a moderate diagnostic value of miRNA-144 in whole saliva and saliva supernatant.

CONCLUSIONmiRNA-144 is highly expressed in the saliva of patients with esophageal cancer and can be used as a genetic marker for early diagnosis of esophageal cancer.

Biomarkers, Tumor ; Early Diagnosis ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; analysis ; Middle Aged ; Saliva ; chemistry ; Sensitivity and Specificity

The incidence of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) has been gradually increasing and most of NENs are located in gastroenteropancreatic system. With the application of target therapeutic drugs in recent years, the precise pathological diagnosis is required critically for effective clinical treatment: target therapy needs targeted pathological diagnosis. In this article, the definition of NENs, and the century-long evolution of diagnostic terms and grades are reviewed. The eight steps of pathological diagnosis of NENs for clinical needs are described. Four inconsistent concepts in NENs diagnosis are also discussed, that is immunohistochemical biomarkers of pathological diagnosis, subpopulation of neuroendocrine neoplasms with high proliferative activity, general adenocarcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation and molecular genetics characteristics. To correctly understand these issues would be of great value for diagnosis and treatment of NENs.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neoplasm Grading ; Neuroendocrine Tumors ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome