Quantum dots, as a new kind of biological fluorescence material, have properties superior to the traditional organic dyes. In the recent decade, researches about the application of quantum dots in biomedicine have made great progress. Tumor markers have vital importance in the diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma; however, they are not widely used for lack of specificity and sensitivity. Researches about applications of quantum dots in the detection of tumor markers are centralized in three aspects, namely the detection of serum/plasma tumor markers, the detection of tissue and cell tumor markers (such as molecular imaging of cell and tissue), and the detection of tumor in vivo animals. A combination of quantum dots and flow cytometry technique for developing a new technique to detect multiple kinds of tumor markers at the same time with greater sensitivity, specificity, rapidity and convenience may have the potential for clinical use of quantum dots.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Humans ; Quantum Dots

PURPOSE: The clinical significance of preoperative serum levels of CEA and CA19-9, levels of CEA and CA19-9 in peritoneal washing fluid and free cancer cells in peritoneal washing fluid in gastric cancer patients were evaluated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum and peritoneal levels of CEA and CA19-9 and peritoneal washing cytology in 115 patients with gastric cancer were analyzed with respect to the prognostic factors using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Positive rate of serum CEA and CA19-9 was 16.5%, 13.0%. And that of peritoneal washing CEA, CA19-9 and cytology was 15.7%, 7.8% and 9.6%. A univariate analysis showed that tumor markets in serum and peritoneal washing fluid and peritoneal washing cytology had significant correlations with the progression of the tumors, and patients with positive serum or peritoneal tumor markers had poorer survival after operation than did the patients with negative tumor markers. But in a multivariate analysis showed that only peritoneal CA19-9 was an independent risk factor. And combination of these five markers provided rnore predictable prognostic informations in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Combination of serum or peritoneal levels of CEA, CA19-9 and washing cytology appeared to be a useful marker for managing gastric cancer patients.
Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Biomarkers, Tumor

This paper aims to analysis of the general problem in the registration dossier and make recommendations on in vitro diagnostic device of tumor markers. On the basis of introducing declarations of the reagents, analysis registration dossier common problems occurs in the products intend to detect novel tumor markers and the combined detection product for multiple tumor markers, and analysis the special requirements for such products.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ; standards

The progress in the understanding of cancer progression and early detection has been slow and frustrating due to the complex multifactorial nature and heterogeneity of the cancer syndrome. To date, no effective treatment is available for advanced cancers, which remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Clearly, there is urgent need to unravel novel biomarkers for early detection. Most of the functional information of the cancer-associated genes resides in the proteome. The later is an exceptionally complex biological system involving several proteins that function through posttranslational modifications and dynamic intermolecular collisions with partners. These protein complexes can be regulated by signals emanating from cancer cells, their surrounding tissue microenvironment, and/or from the host. Some proteins are secreted and/or cleaved into the extracellular milieu and may represent valuable serum biomarkers for diagnosis purpose. It is estimated that the cancer proteome may include over 1.5 million proteins as a result of posttranslational processing and modifications. Such complexity clearly highlights the need for ultra-high resolution proteomic technology for robust quantitative protein measurements and data acquisition. This review is to update the current research efforts in high-resolution proteomic technology for discovery and monitoring cancer biomarkers.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Humans ; Neoplasm Proteins ; analysis ; Neoplasms ; chemistry ; Proteomics ; methods

This study was aimed to investigate the value of CD58 in evaluation of early therapeutic effect on childhood B-ALL. The expression features of CD58 in 135 cases of childhood B-ALL were analyzed by four-color flow cytometry; MRD detection protocol for B-ALL using CD58/CD10/CD34/CD19 combination was established; the correlation between the expression features of CD58 and MRD detection was analyzed for the early therapeutic response in childhood B-ALL. The results showed that the mean value of CD58 MFI in 135 cases of B-ALL was 113.08 +/- 63.33, which was significantly higher than that in 15 cases of normal bone marrow controls (14.68 +/- 5.26, P < 0.01). In addition, CD58 was over expressed in 51.9% (70/135) of B-ALL patients, indicating that CD58 could be an effective marker in MRD detection. The CD58/CD10/CD34/CD19 was the second most effective combination next to TdT/CD10/CD34/CD19 in B-ALL MRD detection with flow cytometry. Meanwhile, the positive rate of MRD detection by flow cytometry was significantly lower in CD58 over expression group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that CD58 may be used as an indicator for detection of MRD in B-ALL patients, which would enrich the combination of MRD detection. The CD58 over expression may be considered as a marker of a favorable prognosis in childhood B-ALL.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Burkitt Lymphoma ; immunology ; pathology ; CD58 Antigens ; analysis ; Child ; Humans ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Prognosis

Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Humans ; Male ; MicroRNAs ; analysis ; Prognosis ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; chemistry ; genetics

Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Humans ; Male ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; analysis ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; metabolism

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumors (GNET), and to describe their clinical, histological, immunophenotypic, ultrastructural, and molecular features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Methods: Three cases of malignant GNET were collected at Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, from 2013 to 2022. All patients underwent surgical resection of the tumor. Histological, immunohistochemical (IHC), ultrastructural and molecular genetic analyses were performed, and the patients were followed up for six months, three years and five years. Results: There were two males and one female patients. The tumors were located in the ileum, descending colon, and rectum, respectively. Grossly, the tumors were solid, firm, and poorly circumscribed, measured in size from 2 to 4 cm in greatest dimension, and had a greyish-white cut surface. These tumors were histologically characterized by a sheet-like or nested population of oval to spindled cells or epithelioid cells with weakly eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm, small nucleoli and scattered mitoses. Electron microscopy showed neuroendocrine differentiation, and no evidence of melanogenesis. IHC staining showed that the tumor cells were diffusely positive for S-100 protein, SOX10, CD56, synaptophysin and vimentin. They were negative for melanocytic markers, HMB45 and Melan A. All three cases showed split EWSR1 signals consistent with a chromosomal translocation involving EWSR1. Next-generation sequencing in one case confirmed the presence of EWSR1-ATF1 fusion. These patients were followed up for 6 months, 3 years and 5 years, respectively, and all of them developed possible lung or liver metastases, and one of them died of multiple pulmonary metastases. Conclusion: Malignant GNET has distinctive morphological, IHC, and molecular genetic features and it should be differentiated from other malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract, especially clear cell sarcoma and melanoma.
Male ; Humans ; Female ; Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis* ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/pathology* ; S100 Proteins/analysis* ; Melanoma

PURPOSE: No tumor-specific markers for gastric cancer are currently known, although various tumor markers have been utilized. CEA, CA19-9 and AFP are the most commonly used tumor markers for gastric cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic significance of the preoperative CEA, CA19-9 and AFP levels in patients with gastric cancer. METHODS: A total of 366 patients who underwent curative surgery for gastric cancer were analyzed. The clinicopathologic characteristics and disease-free survival rate of the patients were compared between the positive and negative CEA, CA19-9 and AFP groups of patients, respectively. Also, the prognostic significance of each tumor marker was assessed by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The CEA, CA19-9 and AFP levels were elevated in 14.2%, 7.9% and 19.1% of the patients, respectively. Serosal invasion and advanced cancer were more frequently found in the groups of patients who were positive for CEA and CA19-9 (P<0.05). More lymph node metastasis and an advanced tumor stage were found in the group of patients who were positive for CA19-9 (P<0.05). On univariate analysis, the disease-free survival rate was significantly lower in the CA19-9 positive group (P<0.05). Serosal invasion and lymph node metastasis were the only significant prognostic factors on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: CEA, CA19-9 and AFP have proved unhelpful for the early detection of gastric cancer due to the low positive rate. CEA and AFP have no prognostic significance and only CA19-9 can be useful for estimating the severity of gastric cancer and as a limited prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; Disease-Free Survival ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Stomach Neoplasms

PURPOSE: The present study is to investigate the clinical utility of tumor marker cutoff ratio (TMR) and develop a TMR combination scoring system based on preoperative tumor marker (TM) levels to prognosis prediction in gastric cancer. METHODS: We include 1,142 patients for whom two or more TMs were measured and who underwent radical gastrectomy between 1990 and 2003. RESULTS: Five-year risk of recurrence (5 YRR) for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) TMRs were 18.3%, 29.8%, 61.4% for TMR < 1.0, 1.0 < or = TMR < 2.0, TMR > or = 2.0 respectively. 5 YRR for carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) TMR were 19.7%, 35.6%, 58.4% for TMR < 1.0, 1.0 < or = TMR < 3.0, TMR > or = 3.0, respectively. 5 YRR for carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA 72-4) TMR were 15.2% and 33.6% for TMR < 1.0 and TMR > or = 1.0, respectively. We defined high TMR (TMR > or = 2.0 for CEA, TMR > or = 3.0 for CA19-9), low TMR (1.0 < or = TMR < 2 for CEA, 1.0 < or = TMR < 3.0 for CA 19-9 and 1.0 < or = TMR for CA72-4) and negative TMR (TMR < 1.0 for all TMs). A TMR combination scoring system was devised with negative scored as zero points, low as 1 and high as 2 for each TMR. TMR scores were divided into four categories (score 0, 1, 2, 3 and above) based on the calculated TMR score and 5 YRR were found to be 12.8%, 23.9%, 45.5%, and 68.3%, respectively (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that our scoring system was a significant independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: Preoperative TMRs such as CEA, CA 19-9, and CA 72-4 show a correlation with prognosis and the TMR combination scoring system could be a useful tool for the prediction of prognosis in gastric cancer.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; Carcinoembryonic Antigen* ; Cinnarizine ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Stomach Neoplasms*