No abstract available.
C-Reactive Protein/*analysis ; Colonic Neoplasms/blood/*etiology ; Colonoscopy ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Tumor Markers, Biological/*blood

To evaluate the implication of methymalonic acid (MMA) in the early diagnosis of neural tube defects (NTD), a quantitative assay for MMA was established by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with stable isotope of MMA as an internal standard. Amniotic fluid and maternal urine MMA concentration, maternal serum folate, red blood cell folate and vitamin B12 levels were measured in the middle term of NTD-affected and normal pregnancies. Amniotic fluid and maternal urine MMA concentrations in the middle term of NTD affected pregnancies (1.4 +/- 0.9 micromol/L, and 22.1 +/- 12.6 nmol/micromol creatinine) were significantly higher than that of normal pregnancies (1.0 +/- 0. 4 micromol/L, and 2.5 +/- 1.1 nmol/micromol creatinine). There was no significant difference between normal and NTD pregnancies for serum folate, red blood cell folate and vitamin B12 levels. The results suggested that MMAs in amniotic fluid and maternal urine are sensitive markers for early diagnosis of NTD. Vitamin B12 is an active cofactor involved in the remethylation of homocycteine and its deficiency is an independent risk factor for NTD. MMA is a specific and sensitive marker for intracellular vitamin B12 deficiency. This study suggests that it is necessary to monitor the vitamin B12 deficiency and advocates vitamin B12 supplementation with folate prevention program.
Amniotic Fluid/*chemistry ; Biological Markers/analysis ; Biological Markers/urine ; Folic Acid/blood ; Methylmalonic Acid/analysis ; Methylmalonic Acid/*urine ; Neural Tube Defects/*diagnosis ; Neural Tube Defects/metabolism ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second ; *Prenatal Diagnosis ; Vitamin B 12/blood

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II), also known as des-carboxyprothrombin (DCP), can be used as an alternative tool to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aims of the present study were to compare PIVKA-II levels between the patients with HCC and patients with non-HCC chronic liver disease, to evaluate the correlation of PIVKA-II and AFP in HCC patients, and finally to estimate the optimal cut-off value for PIVKA-II for the diagnosis of HCC with using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. METHODS: A total of 227 consecutive patients with HCC (n=42) or chronic liver disease (n=185) were enrolled in this study. HCC was diagnosed histologically or by imaging such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or angiography. The serum PIVKA-II and AFP levels were measured by electrochemiluminoimmunoassay with using the Haicatch PIVKA-II kit and by immunoradiometric assay, respectively. RESULTS: The PIVKA-II level in the HCC patients was significantly higher than the non-HCC chronic liver disease patients (903.0+/-1156.7 vs. 111.7+/-211.0 mAU/ mL, respectively, P<0.01). PIVKA-II and AFP showed a statistical correlation in HCC patients (r=0.46, P<0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of PIVKA-II for the diagnosis of HCC were 66.7% and 74.1%, respectively, and when tasted together with AFP, the sensitivity was increased by 85.7%. For the ROC curve of PIVKA-II in HCC patients, the specificity of a 250 mAU/mL level of PIVKA-II was 95%. CONCLUSIONS: PIVKA-II was as useful surveillance tool for differentiating HCC from chronic liver disease, and a PIVKA-II value of 250 mAU/ mL was proposed as a significant cut-off value for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Adult ; Aged ; Biological Markers/*blood ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/*diagnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Protein Precursors/*blood ; Prothrombin ; ROC Curve ; Tumor Markers, Biological/*blood ; alpha-Fetoproteins/analysis

BACKGROUND: Bloodstream infection (BSI) is associated with a high mortality rate. Since the origin of infection is demonstrated in approximately 2/3rds of cases, early and established biomarkers are warranted. We evaluated the clinical performances of automated procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) assays for the quantitative detection of BSI. Analytical performance of the VIDAS(R) B.R.A.H.M.S PCT assay (bioMerieux, France) was assessed and also compared with the semi-quantitative PCT-Q test (B.R.A.H.M.S Aktiengesellschaft, Germany). METHODS: We prospectively included consecutive patients divided into 3 groups at the Dong-A University Medical Center. Patients were categorized according to the criteria of the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference (ACCP/SCCM), and also on the basis of catheter-associated bacteremia. RESULTS: A total 77 patients were enrolled. All mean values of PCT and PCT-Q were consistent with the reference value. Measured PCT concentrations showed good linearity (r=0.983). The between-run, within-run, and total imprecisions were below 5%. The PCT levels in gram-negative bacteremia were significantly higher than those in gram-positive bacteremia. Furthermore, the PCT concentrations were significantly different among non-infection, bacteremia, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock groups. Our study showed that PCT >0.3 ng/mL had 95.0% sensitivity and 97.3% specificity, whereas CRP >5.46 mg/dL had 85.0% sensitivity and 86.5% specificity for diagnosing sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that, compared with CRP, PCT is a better diagnostic and discriminative biomarker of sepsis categorized according to the ACCP/SCCM. Moreover, catheter-associated bacteremia could be discriminated from sepsis using PCT concentration.
Adult ; Bacteremia/*diagnosis ; Biological Markers/analysis/blood ; C-Reactive Protein/analysis ; Calcitonin/*blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Protein Precursors/*blood ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sepsis/diagnosis

BACKGROUND: Coronary atherosclerosis with inflammation gives rise to coronary vasospasm in the patients with coronary vasospastic angina. We have postulated that the peripheral leukocyte count and the differential count are associated with vasospastic angina. METHODS: 144 patients who underwent intracoronary ergonovine provocation testing between January 2002 and December 2004 were divided into two groups: Group I (72 patients with provoked spasm, mean age: 54.8+/-10.7 years, males: 75%) and Group II (72 without spasm, mean age: 55.3+/-10.2 years, males: 35%). Blood sampling was done to measure the lipid profiles and inflammatory markers, including the high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels and the monocyte counts. We compared the angiographic findings and laboratory data between the two groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the levels of serum lipid and hsCRP between the two groups. The white blood cell count and the monocyte count were higher in Group I than with Group II (7496.4+/-2622.28 vs. 6703.2+/-1768.37/mm3, respectively, p=0.035; 627.5+/-270.70 vs. 426.9+/-205.76/mm3, respectively, p<0.001). Gensini's score was higher in Group I than in Group II (2.2+/-2.88 vs. 0.5+/-1.03, respectively, p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the monocyte count and Gensini's score were independent factors affecting coronary spasm (p=0.047 and p=0.018, respectively). According to a receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, the area under the curve of the monocyte count was 0.738, that of the neutrophil count was 0.577 and that of the WBC count was 0.572. The cut-off value of the monocyte count was 530/mm3; the sensitivity and specificity of this cut-off value were 64% and 76%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The peripheral monocyte count is an independent marker for predicting vasospastic angina in the patients with resting chest pain and insignificant coronary artery stenosis.
Multivariate Analysis ; *Monocytes ; Middle Aged ; Male ; *Leukocyte Count ; Humans ; Female ; Coronary Vasospasm/*blood/diagnosis ; Coronary Stenosis/*blood ; Chest Pain/*blood ; C-Reactive Protein/analysis ; Biological Markers ; Aged ; Adult

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Patients with diabetes are prone to coronary artery disease (CAD); however, the majority of diabetic patients show normal coronary arteries. We examined differences in the clinical aspects of diabetic patients with insignificant and with significant stenosis of the coronary artery. METHODS: A total of 418 consecutive diabetic patients with stable angina who had undergone coronary angiography from January 2004 to March 2007 were included in this study. Patients were subdivided into control and CAD groups and then clinical characteristics and CAD-associated factors were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 92 (22%) patients were assigned to the control group and 326 (78%) patients were assigned to the CAD group. Using univariate regression analysis, we found that patients with CAD were significantly older (control vs. CAD; 59+/-21 vs. 64.7+/-33.7, years, p<0.001), had a longer duration of diabetes (8.2+/-21.8 vs. 10.2+/-29.8, years, p=0.027), higher titers of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; 0.3+/-6.79 vs. 0.9+/-12.6, mg/dL, p=0.015), and increased hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (7.1+/-3.8 vs. 7.5+/-4.8, %, p=0.007) compared to control patients. Multivariate regression analysis showed that only differences in age, hsCRP, and HbA1c were statistically significant. When patients were subdivided into groups based on hsCRP levels (208 patients in the low group [49.8%], 210 patients in the high group [50.2%]), we found that patients with higher hsCRP levels showed more frequent multivessel disease. CONCLUSIONS: In diabetic patients, age, hsCRP, and HbA1c were associated with stable CAD. Among these factors, hsCRP levels were significantly correlated with multivessel involvement in diabetic CAD. Therefore, high hsCRP levels may be a strong predictor for atherosclerotic progression of the coronary arteries in diabetic patients, suggesting that regular screening tests should be performed.
Adult ; Aged ; Biological Markers ; C-Reactive Protein/*analysis ; Coronary Artery Disease/*blood ; Diabetes Complications/*blood ; Female ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated/analysis ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis and osteoclastogenesis are increased in the bone marrow of multiple myeloma (MM) patients in parallel with the tumor progression. Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein that is involved in angiogenesis and bone destruction and, eventually, in tumor progression in MM. OPN is known to increase in MM patients as the disease progresses and bone is destroyed. We studied the clinical usefulness of OPN as a monitoring marker for treatment response in patients with MM. METHODS: We obtained 70 serial sera from 27 MM patients and 14 sera from healthy individuals. OPN was measured by a sandwich ELISA method. The hospital records were reviewed, and the clinically important markers for monitoring the treatment response, such as monoclonal component, immunoglobulin, free light chain, and hemoglobin, etc, were analyzed together with OPN levels. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in OPN levels between MM patients and healthy controls. OPN showed no significant correlations with the markers used for monitoring of treatment response such as M component, immunoglobulin, and free light chain levels. There was no difference in OPN levels between the 3 groups classified by the amount of M component. In addition, OPN levels showed no compatible changes to the treatment response of MM patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although OPN has been known to have an important role in the formation and progression of MM by involving angiogenesis and bone destruction, our results show that OPN is not valuable as a clinical marker for monitoring the treatment response in MM patients because of inconsistency in its levels in MM patients.
Adult ; Aged ; Disease Progression ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma/*diagnosis/therapy ; Osteopontin/*blood ; Paraproteins/analysis ; Regression Analysis ; Tumor Markers, Biological/*blood

Changes in renal function are one of the most common manifestations of severe illness. There is a clinical need to intervene early with proven treatments in patients with potentially deleterious changes in renal function. Unfortunately progress has been hindered by poor definitions of renal dysfunction and a lack of early biomarkers of renal injury. In recent years, the definitional problem has been addressed with the establishment of a new well-defined diagnostic entity, acute kidney injury (AKI), which encompasses the wide spectrum of kidney dysfunction, together with clearer definition and sub-classification of the cardio-renal syndromes. From the laboratory have emerged new biomarkers which allow early detection of AKI, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C. This review describes the new concepts of AKI and the cardio-renal syndromes as well as novel biomarkers which allow early detection of AKI. Panels of AKI biomarker tests are likely to revolutionise the diagnosis and management of critically ill patients in the coming years. Earlier diagnosis and intervention should significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with acute kidney damage.
Acute Kidney Injury/*diagnosis ; Biological Markers/analysis/blood/urine ; Cystatin C/blood/urine ; Heart Failure/complications/etiology ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases/complications/*diagnosis/etiology ; Lipocalins/blood/urine ; Syndrome

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the factors that have an influence on the residents exposed to heavy metals, and we utilized the findings to establish the proper management of abandoned metal mines in the future. METHODS: For a total of 258 residents who lived close to abandoned mines in Gangwon-province and Gyeonggi-province, the exposure factors and biomarkers in their blood and urine were comparatively analyzed via multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The blood levels of lead and mercury and the cadmium levels in urine were found to be higher in the study group than that in the average Korean. For the blood levels of heavy metals according to each exposure factor, all of them were found to be significantly higher in both of the group residing for a longer period of time and the group living closer to the source of pollutants. Multiple regression analysis disclosed that all the heavy metals, except lead, in their blood were significantly reduced in proportion to the increased distance of inhabitancy from the mines. Their other biomarkers were within the normal ranges. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the distance between the residential village and the mines was a factor that affects the blood level of heavy metals in the villagers. This finding could be an important factor when developing a management model for the areas that surround abandoned metal mines. (ED note: I much like this important study.)
Biological Markers/blood/urine ; Cadmium/blood/urine ; Cluster Analysis ; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Lead/blood/urine ; Mercury/blood/urine ; Metals, Heavy/*blood/*urine ; Mining ; Republic of Korea ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Water Supply/analysis

Hypertonic saline aerosols are being used increasingly for bronchial provocation testing and induction of sputum. The aims of this study were to assess the response to challenge with 3% hypertonic saline administered via a ultrasonic nebulizer in patients with asthma, and to evaluate relationship between % fall of FEV1 during induction of sputum (osmotic airway hyperresponsiveness; osmotic AHR) and biochemical markers of induced sputum. We investigated changes in FEV1 in response to inhaling ultrasonically nebulized 3% saline in 25 patients with asthma and 10 control subjects. FEV1 was measured before, during, and after induction of sputum. We used fluoroimmunoassay to detect eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), immunohistochemical staining to detect EG2+ (secretory form of ECP) eosinophils, and a sandwich ELISA to detect interleukin (IL)-5. Protein concentration was determined by using bicinchoninic acid protein assay reagent. Asthmatics, compared with controls, had significantly higher osmotic AHR. Moderate to severe asthmatics had significantly higher osmotic AHR compared to mild asthmatics. Osmotic AHR was significantly correlated with the proportion of eosinophils, the levels of ECP, EG2+ eosinophils, IL-5, and proteins. These data suggest that osmotic AHR is closely related to the clinical status and biochemical markers of sputum supernatant in asthmatic patients.
Adult ; Asthma/*physiopathology ; Biological Markers ; Blood Proteins/analysis ; Bronchial Hyperreactivity/*etiology ; Female ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Human ; Interleukin-5/analysis ; Male ; Middle Age ; Osmotic Pressure ; Sputum/*chemistry ; Vital Capacity