The history of biomaterials research is seriously surveyed. It is found that an immutable way of thinking for developing biomaterials is rooted deeply in Western medicine and biology. It is necessary to modify or change the current status of thinking. In this paper, the author presents an idea to research and develop biomaterials via a combined way of thinking, i.e., combining together the wisdom and knowledge of Western medicine, Chinese medicine, and other disciplines.
Biocompatible Materials ; pharmacology ; Biomimetics ; methods ; Humans ; Thinking

OBJECTIVETo improve our comprehensions to complement activation by biomaterial and lay the foundation for biosafety evaluation of solid biomaterials together with the corresponding blood contacting medical devices.

METHODSAnalyzed new requirements of current standards on complement activation by solid biomaterial as well as the mechanism of complement activation by solid biomaterial and how to select the related standards for inspection.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONThe new edition of international standards has enhanced types of blood contacting medical devices which are appropriate to complement activation test. It is badly in need of establishing the corresponding industry standards to regulate these requirements, since there have no uniform and admissive methods for inspection of complement activation by solid biomaterial.

The progress of research of the physical and chemical modification methods to improve the antithrombogenic property of biomedical polyurethane (PU) in the past five years is reviewed in this paper. The physical modification method includes physical blending, physical vapor deposition (PVD) and replication molding technique. Meanwhile, chemical modification method is focused on the covalent bonding to immobilized special molecular. Moreover, the covalent bonding method covered functionalizing the PU surface with tailor-made groups in the bulk and the activation of the surface to form unstable active sites for further reactions.
Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Fibrinolytic Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Polyurethanes ; chemistry ; pharmacology

The perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoparticle is a sort of new drug carrier in recent years, and it has lots of unique properties such as chemical stability, favourable biocompatibility, high aerobic capacity, targeting action to tissues or cells and so on. In this paper, we summarize the physico-chemical properties of the PFC nanoparticles. We also show the research progress of the PFC nanoparticles as a kind of drug carrier for targeted therapy of cardiovascular system, nervous system diseases and tumor. Further more, its characteristics of being selectively in target cells, tissues, and rapid release of drugs are expounded. PFC nanoparticles, as drug carriers for targeted diagnosis and treatment, have good prospect and clinical application value.
Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; pharmacology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Drug Carriers ; pharmacology ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Fluorocarbons ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Nanoparticles

New bone formation in long-term intramuscle implant of Ca-P biomaterial was investigated in this experiment. After implanting into dog dorsal muscle for 15 months, a thin fibrous membrane that wrapped HA/TCP implant was still observed obviously. Three types of tissues, i.e. mesenchymal tissue, bone and bone marrow, regularly distributed in different pores of implant. Nearly all the pores of implants were occupied by bone. Bone in the pores located in the central region of implant was matured lamellar bone characterized by obvious lacuna and rich bone marrow. However, bone in the peripheral pores was immature woven bone without bone marrow formation. Furthermore, mesenchymal tissues only exist in the peripheral pores and usually were connected with immature woven bone. It was demonstrated that porous HA/TCP has bone inductivity and it could induce new bone formation at non-osseous site. Well-regulated distribution of mesenchymal tissue, bone and bone marrow in the pores suggest bone morphogenesis in the implant must obey a specific space-time program.
Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; Bone Substitutes ; pharmacology ; Ceramics ; pharmacology ; Dogs ; Hydroxyapatites ; pharmacology ; Implants, Experimental ; Materials Testing ; Osteogenesis ; drug effects

Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) microspheres were fabricated with an average particle size of 5.08 +/- 0.23 microns. The effect of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) microspheres on apoptosis and cell cycle of fibroblast was studied with flow cytometry. The data obtained clearly indicated that poly(epsilon-caprolactone) microspheres purified in different ways showed different cytocompatibility. The well purified microspheres have good cytocompatibility.
Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; In Vitro Techniques ; Materials Testing ; Mice ; Microspheres ; Polyesters ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology

Chitosan-carboxymethyl-chitosan complex film was prepared by freeze drying. Some tests in vivo and in animal were employed, in order to evaluate it on biology. All results indicated that the film has not only good surface compatibility but also good structural compatibility. It can be more suitable for GTR technology.
Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; chemical synthesis ; pharmacology ; Chitin ; analogs & derivatives ; Chitosan ; Materials Testing ; Membranes, Artificial ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Skin Irritancy Tests

Silk fibroin (SF) as a natural biopolymer has become a popular material for biomedical applications due to its minimal immunogenicity, tunable biodegradability, and high biocompatibility. Nowadays, various techniques have been developed for the applications of SF in bioengineering. Most of the literature reviews focus on the SF-based biomaterials and their different forms of applications such as films, hydrogels, and scaffolds. SF is also valuable as a coating on other substrate materials for biomedicine; however, there are few reviews related to SF-coated biomaterials. Thus, in this review, we focused on the surface modification of biomaterials using SF coatings, demonstrated their various preparation methods on substrate materials, and introduced the latest procedures. The diverse applications of SF coatings for biomedicine are discussed, including bone, ligament, skin, mucosa, and nerve regeneration, and dental implant surface modification. SF coating is conducive to inducing cell adhesion and migration, promoting hydroxyapatite (HA) deposition and matrix mineralization, and inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway, making it a promising strategy for bone regeneration. In addition, SF-coated composite scaffolds can be considered prospective candidates for ligament regeneration after injury. SF coating has been proven to enhance the mechanical properties of the substrate material, and render integral stability to the dressing material during the regeneration of skin and mucosa. Moreover, SF coating is a potential strategy to accelerate nerve regeneration due to its dielectric properties, mechanical flexibility, and angiogenesis promotion effect. In addition, SF coating is an effective and popular means for dental implant surface modification to promote osteogenesis around implants made of different materials. Thus, this review can be of great benefit for further improvements in SF-coated biomaterials, and will undoubtedly contribute to clinical transformation in the future.
Biocompatible Materials/chemistry* ; Silk/chemistry* ; Fibroins/pharmacology* ; Dental Implants ; Osteogenesis ; Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry* ; Tissue Engineering/methods*

A simple plasma spraying method was employed in coating hydroxyapaptite (HA) on to carbon/carbon composites (C/C composites). The morphology of the coating was examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The phase constitutions of the HA coating were determined by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The shear strength of the HA coating-C/C composite substrates was detected. A hydroxyapatite coating with rough surface was observed. A considerable amount of amorphous phase appeared as a result from the coating process, which could be transformed into the morphous phase crystalline HA after subsequent heat treatment. The shear strength between the HA coating and C/C composite substrates was 7.15 MPa.
Bone Substitutes ; chemistry ; Carbon ; chemistry ; Carbon Compounds, Inorganic ; chemistry ; Coated Materials, Biocompatible ; chemistry ; Durapatite ; pharmacology ; Humans

It has been well known that fluorinated polyurethanes exhibit unique low surface energy, biocompatibility, biostability and nonsticking behavior. Consequently, these polymers have attracted considerable interest. In this study, the effect of various concentrations of fluorinated polyurethanes in the polyurethanes on the surface structures of the blends and their hemocompatibility were investigated by XPS, AFM, contact angle and platelet adhesion. It was found that the high concentration fluorine on the outer surfaces of the blends obtained with the low concentration of fluorinated polyurethanes (F: 0.342 wt%) in the blends was the same as that of the fluorinated poly(ether urethane)s, and all of the blends and the fluorinated poly(ether urethane)s had good hemocompatibility, compared with poly(ether urethane)s. The polymer blends and fluorinated poly(ether urethane)s suppressed platelet adhesion due to their high hydrophobicity and low surface tension. The XPS, AMF and contact angle results indicated that the high hydrophobicity of outer surface of the polyurethane blends is independent of the fluorinated polyurethanes content in the polymer blends but related to the concentration of the CF3 groups because the lower critical surface tensions and higher contact angle of many fluorinated surfaces reflect the concentration of CF3 groups.
Coated Materials, Biocompatible ; chemistry ; Ethers ; Fluorine ; Humans ; Platelet Adhesiveness ; Polyurethanes ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Prostheses and Implants ; Surface Properties